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THE 



BEST THINGS 



TO BE SEEN AT 



THE WORLD'S FAIR 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE 
EXPOSITION MANAGEMENT. 



COMPILED BY 

JOHN J. FLINN. 



ILLUSTRATED ^ 



Price 50 Cents 



CHICAGO 
THE COLUMBIAN GUIDE COMPANY 

ADMINISTRATION BUII.DING 
WORIvD'S COIvUMBIAN EXPOSITION 



0-b 






COFYHaGHTK© 
BY 

world's COLUMBIAN ESPOS11CO« 



Tg. HE AIM OF THE COMPIIyER has been to point 
K out to the visitor the best things to be seen at the 
^ "World's Columbian Exposition, and this includes 
K everything- that is remarkably beautiful, wonderful 
or curious. Hints are given here which, if followed, 
will assist the visitor in his efforts to see the greatest 
attractions of the fair without loss of time. It is presumed that many 
thousands of people will visit the fair who have at their command but a 
few hours or a few days. They cannot see everything. They will want 
to know where to find the things that are likely to be longest remembered 
and most talked of after the Exposition shall have passed away. One 
might spend a week in the great Manufactures building alone, and still 
come away without seeing many of the beautiful or the wonderful things 
displayed there. One might spend a month inside the Exposition and 
still discover that he had failed to see some of its greatest attractions. 
Midway Plaisance itself is so crowded with exhibits of an amazing, inter- 
esting and pleasing character, that some of them must necessarily be 
passed over by the visitor. In order that in hurrying through the Exposi- 
tion and Midway Plaisance the visitor may not miss the very things it is 
most important that he should see, the hints in this book are given, and 
this is the excuse for its publication. 

I desire to give credit and thanks to T/te Chicago Graphic for the 
use of the originals of many of the sculptural sketches used in this 
work. The Graphic has done as much as any other American publica- 
tion toward presenting to the public the unparalleled artistic features 
of the Fair. And I am equally indebted to the reporters of Chicago 
newspapers for valuable information and much matter of a discrip- 
tive character. 

John J. Funn. 
June, 1893. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



[See map of grounds and buildings; also map of Hidway Plalsance and matter 
relating to special fees within and outside of Exposition enclosure, in front of book.] 



PAGE 

Administration building 47 

Administration building, dome 29 

Administration building, sculpture 29 

Adornment, etc ^3 

Agriculture, palace of 4 

Agricultural building, decoration 3' 

Agricultural building, sculpture 3° 

Agricultural department 4 

Agricultural department, best things m -48-54 

Algerian exhibit 

Anthropology, department of 

Arkansas building • 

Art building, decoration 

Art building, sculpture 

Art department 

Austrian building 

Austrian village 

Auxiliary buildings, etc 



B 



Balloon ascension 

Bernese Alps cyclorama . ... 
Best views of the exposition. 

Blarney castle. : 

Brazilian building 

Buildings, the great 

Bureau of public comfort 



181 



Cairo, street in • 

California building H? 

Canadian building ..' '39 

Casino pier 123 

Casino, the 123 

Ceylon building '39 

Children's building 125 

Chinese village i<58 

Choral hall 224 

Cocoa exhibit 13' 

Cold storage warehouse 133 

Colorado building 148 

Columbia fountain 40 

Columbian guards 24 

Columbus statue 42 

Columbus statue, lake front 42 

Columbus quadriga 37^39 

Connecticut building 148 

Cost of exposition II 

Costa Rica building 139 

Court of Honor , 39 



PAGE 

Dahomey amazons 168 

Dairy building S3 

Delaware building 14^ 

Departmental exhibits 47 

Dutch settlement 169 

E 

Egyptian village I7S 

Eiffel tower 169 

Electric buoys i34 

Electric illumination '3- >4 

Electric launches IS 

Electric search lights 15 

Electricity, palace of 60 

Electricity building, decoration 33 

Electricity building, sculpture 33 

Electricity department 60 

Electricity department, best things in... .60-62 

Engines of the exposition 20 

English building 139 

Eskimo village 129 

Ethnological department 63 

Ethnological department, best things in..63-7i 
Exposition from the lake 18 

F 

Federal exhibits, palace of 107 

Ferris Wheel 170 

Festival hall 124 

Fine arts, palace of 54 

Fine arts department, best things in S4-S9 

Fish and Fisheries department 73 

Fish and Fisheries departm't, best things 

in 72-74 

Fisheries, palace of 72 

Fisheries building, decoration 33 

Flags and decorations 13 

Florida building 149 

Foreign headquarters 139 

Forestry, palace of 74 

Forestry department 74 

Fort Dearborn 129 

" Forward," statue of 43 

French bu ilding 140 

French cider press 171 

French colonial exhibit 130 



German building. 
German chimes . . , 
German village . . 
Geyser exhibit..., 



... 140 

.... 23 

... 171 

••• 133 



JENEKAL INBEX. 



PAGE 

"Golden Door ' 43 

Golden Door cafe 131 

Gondolas and gondoliers 16 

Government building, dome 33 

Grant relics 135 

Great White Horse inn 132 

Grounds, ^vaterways, etc 11 

Guatemalian building- ^ 142 

H 

Hagenbeck menagerie 173 

Harbor for yachts 23 

Haytian building 143 

"Hiawatha," statue of 43 

Horticulture, palace of 75 

Horticultural building, sculpture 34 

Horticultural department 75 

Horticultural department, best things in. 75-78 
Hunter's camp 128 

I 

Idaho building 149 

Illinois aquaria 134 

Illinois building 150 

Illinois building, sculpture 34 

Illumination of the grounds 14 

India tea house 130 

Indiana building 151 

Interior illumination 13 

Intramural railway 17 

Iowa building 151 

Irish village 16S-173 

J 

Jackson park 11 

Japanese hooden 127 

Japanese tea houses 132 

Japanese village 174 

Javanese village 174 

K 

Kansas building 152 

Kentucky building 152 

Kilauea volcano panorama 175 

Krupp gun exhibit 136 

L 

Libbey glass exhibit 175 

I.iberal arts department 93 

Liberal arts department, best things in. .. 93 

Liberty bell 135 

Lincoln relics 135 

Live stock pavilion 52 

I^ogging camp 129 

Lowney pavilion 130 

n 

Machinery department 78 

Machinery department, best things in. . .78-82 

Machinery hall, sculpture 35 

MacMonnie's fountain 40 



PAGE 

Maine building 153 

Manitoba exhibit .. 131 

Manufactures, palace of 83 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts depart- 
ment S3 

Manufactures building, domes 35 

Manufactures department, best things in. 83-94 

Maryland building 153 

Massachusetts building 153 

Mechanic Arts, palace of 78 

Merchant Tailors building 133 

Michigan building 155 

Midway plaisance 167 

Mines and Mining, palace of 95 

Mines and Mining department 95 

Mines and Mining departm't, best things 

in 95-98 

Mines building, sculpture 36 

Minnesota building 155 

Missouri building 154 

Model hospital 132 

Montana building 156 

Montana fountain 134 

Moorish palace , 175 

Movable sidewalk 133 

Music hall 124 

Music hall and casino, sculpture 36 

Mummi-^s 134 

N 

Nebraska building 156 

New England clam bake 129 

Ne\v Hampshire building 156 

New Jersey building ijg 

New South Wales building 143 

New York building, 157 

Nicaragua building 143 

North Dakota building 157 

North Pole skating rink 177 

Norwegian building 143 

o 

Obelisk 19 

Ohio building 158 

Ohio monument 44 

Old Vienna 179 

P 

Pennsylvania building 158 

Peristyle 37 

Police station 133 

Puck building 129 

Q 

Quadriga, the Columbus 37 

R 

"Republic," statue of 39 

Reynolds' Corliss engine 20 

Rhode Island building 159 

Rose island 12 



GENERAL INDEX. 



s 

PAGE 

Sculpture on bridges 44 

Sculpture and painting 28 

Shoe and leather building 127 

Siam building 144 

Silver building 13J 

Site o€ exposition 11 

South Dakota building :6o 

Spanish building 144 

Spectatorium 129 

Staff and its composition 21 

State buildings, best things in 147-164 

State headquarters and displays 147 

" Still Hunt, " the 43 

Street in Cairo 1 8j 

St. Gauden's pillars 42 

St. Peter's model 179 

Sunday School building 128 

Swedish building 143 

T 

Territorial building 160 

Texas building 161 

Transportation, palace of 99 

Transportation building, sculpture 36 

Transportation department 99 

Transportation department, best things 

in 99-106 

Tunisian pavilion 130 



PAGE 

Turkish building 14^ 

Turkish theater iSo 

Turkish village 182 

U 

U. S. Government department 107 

U. S. Government department, best things 
ill 107- 1 12 

V 

Venezuelan building 144 

Venice Murano exhibit 182 

Vermont building 162 

Victory statue 42 

Virginia building 162 

w 

Walk, shrubbery, etc 21 

Washington building , . 163 

Wisconsin building 164 

Wisconsin cranberry patch 182 

Woman's building, decoration 37 

Woman's building, sculpture 37 

Woman's corn kitchen 134 

Woman's department 113 

Woman's department, best things in.. 113-120 

Woman's exhibits, palace of. 113 

Wooded island , ....^2: 

Z 

Zoopraxographical hall 183 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



This volume is embeliisticd witii illustrations showing the principaS buildin$:e 
and attractions of the Exposition proper, and of Midway Plaisance. The illustra^ 
tions, as a rule, accompany reading matter to which they are related. 







PALACE OF ADMINISTRATION. 



Grounds, Waterways, Etc. 



NE OF THE MOST STRIKING and beautiful fea- 
tures of the Exposition is the landscape garden- 
ing-, which embraces the roadways, terraces, 
waterways, bridges, islands, landings and general 
ornamental work. This feature sets off to great 
advantage the magnificent palaces which rise on 
every side. The visitor will be as much interested 
in the exterior as in the interior views of the 
World's Fair. The roadways, as well as the ter- 
races and terrace walls, are exhibibts in them- 
selves, and are intended to introduce new methods 

to the attention of the public. (See "Walks, Shrubbery, Etc.," and 

"Staff and Its Composition." 





RIGHT GROUP OF COLUMBIA FOUNTAIN. 



Jackson Park, site of the World's Columbian Exposition, is a right an- 
g-led triang-le in shape. It is four times as large as the ground devoted 
to the Paris expositions of 1878 and 1889. It has a frontage of nearly two 
miles on Lake Michigan, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. 
The waters of the beautiful system of lagcons pass every one of the main 
buildings and all but surround some of them. On their surfaces all the 
palaces are reflected, and by day and night the water duplicates the full 
brilliancy of this the greatest of World's Expositions. Gondolas brought 
from Venice loaf luxuriously along these liquid avenues, to be distanced 
contemptuously by fleets of steam and electric launches. The prepara- 
tions for the greatest event of the nineteenth century were carried out on 
a scale commensurate with the determination of Chicago that this should 
eclipse in every way all previous World's Fairs. The cost of the exposi- 
tion proper was about $22,000,000. Including the cost of adm.inistration 
from, beginning to close, with the cost of State, foreign and special build- 
ings, the total cost will foot up to very nearly $33,000,000, and this is aside 
irom the cost of exhibits. The visitor will be curious to know where and 
how the immense sum set aside by the local management for the exposi- 
tion was expended. A personal inspection of the exposition as a whole, 
covering a period of not less that one month, will alone be sufficient to 
ofive one a perfect understanding of the magnitude and grandeur ^f the 



12 



THE GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 



undertaking-, and the success which has crowned the efforts of those who 
have had it in charge. Some facts must always be borne in mind. It 
would be well for the visitor to commit them to mem.ory. The exposition 
grounds cover an area of 633 acres. Of this 80 acres are in Midway 
Plaisance, and 553 acres in Jackson Park. The area available for build- 
ings was 556 acres, there being 77 acres in the Wooded Island and the in- 
terior waterway. The total exhibition area under roof of all buildings 
erected by the exposition company is 109.9 acres. Of this about 50 acres 
are in the galleries and 47 in the live stock sheds. One hundred and 
twenty carloads of glass , enough to cover 29 acres, were used in the roofs 
of the great exposition structures. More than 41 carloads, or eleven 
acres, were required by the great Manufactures Building alone. Other 
interesting facts, descriptions of main features of grounds and buildings, 
etc., are given in the pages which follow. 




I,EFT GROUP OF COLUMBIA FOUNTAIN. 



THE WOODED ISLAND. 

In the lagoon, runs north and south, opposite Horticultural, Transportation, Govern- 
ment and Manufactures buildings. 

The Wooded Island, or "Rose Island," as it is sometimes called, is 
one of the most charming spots in the l^xposition. It is really a part of 
the Horticultural display, being covered with the loveliest exhibits of 
flowers and shrubs to be seen outside the Horticultural building. The 
Japanese Hooden or palace is located at the northern, the Hunters' Cabin 
?+ the southern end. The island is laid out in graceful walks, which 



The; grounds, waterways, etc. 



13 



wind their serpentine course around, flower beds and bushes of shrubbery, 
leading to many restful nooks and corners, where the visitor may obtain 
seclusion and repose. Refreshment booths are located here, and there are 
plenty of comfortable seats. The " Hunters' Cabin" and the "Japanese 
Hooden " are referred to elsewhere. 



FLAGS AND DECORATIONS. 

The most prominent flag poles on each building carry the Stars and 
stripes and the poles of secondary prominence 
carry the flags of those nations which take the 
lead in the several departments the buildings rep- 
resent, as in the production of machinery and 
manufactures. On the poles of less degree 
are hung banners, carrying devices having some 
reference to the character of the exhibits or 
a subject connected in some way with the depart- 
ment. On the Agricultural Building the ban- 
ners bear the signs of the Zodiac, on the 
stock pavilion images of domestic animals, 
and so on. Another factor in the color effect 
of the Fair as a whole is the tinting of certain 
parts of the large buildings. 

INTERIOR ILLUniNATION. 






The most striking features are the 16,000 

incandescent lights in the Fine Arts Building-, 
- MUSIC. , .., .L -1 X ^ .• 

where there are two miles of reflecting screens. 

At each of the eight corners in the interior of the Administration build- 
ing there are 58 candelabra, and the gallery is supplied with 56 seven- 
light candelabra. Still higher up in the dome in which is painted the 
" Glorification of the Arts and Sciences " are hundreds of concealed lamps, 
which illuminate that beautiful picture. In the Manufactures Building 
there are five great and beautiful chandeliers of arc lights. Four 
of these carry 60 lamps each and the fifth 75. There are 1,200 arc lights in 
this building ; 500 in the Agricultural ; 350 in the Transportation ; 250 in 
Horticultural , 200 in the Mines ; 50 in the Fisheries and 77 in the Illinois 
State. On the extreme point of the piers great lights serve as beacons 
for all crafts on the lake. Each pier is supplfed with a double line of or- 
dinary arc lamps which make a grand display. The electroliers in the 
Manufactures building are the largest ever made. Four of them — two 
at the south, and two at the north end of the building — are sixty feet in 
diameter, and the one in the center is 102 feet in diameter. They are 
made of cast iron and are supported from the iron girders 65 feet from 
the roof by steel cables. At regular distances around the outside rim are 
78 uprights curved like a boat davit, with a small wheel at the end. From 
each of these is suspended an arc light of 2,000 candle-power. The car- 
bons have to be changed every day, and to get to the electrolier the at- 
tendant has to climb to the top of the building and go through a small 



14 the; grounds, waterways, etc. 

hole to a ladder. The five electroliers have a combined light equal to 
828,000 candle-power. 

ILLUniNATION OF THE GROUNDS. 

There are 2,000 arc lights on the grounds. Most of these are mount- 
ed on handsome and artistic metal posts, though the extreme south and 
borders of the park everywhere have only common cedar posts, surmount- 
ed with the usual metal arms sustaining the lamp. The ornamental 
posts themselves are not insignificant features of the fair. Some of them 
are designed to receive one, two or three arc lamps, and even to have 
arms supporting incandescent lamps of high candle power enclosed with- 
in colored glass lanterns. The posts are placed from 60 to 75 feet apart, 
though in extreme portions of the grounds the intervals are in some 
places 125 feet. Around the main entrances to the principal buildings 
clusters of lig-hts are placed, while the general center of illumination is 
the court of honor, surrounding the Administration building. Here the 
visitor who steps from the train finds the south fronts of the Mines and 
Electrical buildings, and the north wall of Machinery Hall, the boundary 
lines about the heart of the exposition. The lofty posts are grouped thick- 
est here, and the great statue of Franklin at the portal of the Electrical 
building rests in a blaze of splendor. The posts are placed, as a rule, in a 
straight line, thus securing the added effect afforded by converging lines 
of light. In the vicinity of the main buildings three lines extend about 
40 feet from the walls. Single lamps stand at the approaches of bridges, 
while clusters are placed in the center. Each of these arc lig-hts is of 
2,000 candle power. To supply them requires 90 miles of underground 
wire and 170 miles of overhead wire. In incandescent lighting the dis- 
play is even more marvelous. The visitor will observe one fact at night 
which, perhaps, not one in 10,000 would discover by day. There is a uni- 
form cornice level on all the buildings, 60 feet from the ground. This line 
is marked at night by rows of incandescent lights. The little bulbs are 
placed at narrow intervals, seemingly only a few inches when viewed 
from the ground. The administration building is studded with lamps 
from foundation to dome. All about the grand basin and canal are rows 
of lamps like living lines of light set just above the water surface. Each 
light is repeated in the water by a dancing counterpart, and both lend a 
charm to the scene. About the Wooded Island and the borders of the 
fiower beds, everywhere incandescent lights bring out the beauties of 
flower and foliage, as in the radiance of the sun. Every point of im- 
portance is so clustered about with light that it would be impossible to 
imagine the variety and extenfof this sort of illumination. A simple in- 
stance will serve as an illustration. On the dome of the Agricultural 
building, the beautiful golden figure of Diana stands poised and free of 
movement to every point of the compass. Below her is a sunken space — 
the corona of the dome — and in this circle, hidden from view, is a multi- 
tude of lights which reveal her graceful figure as in the very eye of a 
calcium reflector. The absence of other lights near, together with her 
height, produce the effect of a gold goddess swinging in mid-air, and dis- 



THE GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 



15 



daining all support. The darker the nig-ht the more beautifully does, 
Diana appear. 



THE ELECTRIC SEARCH LIGHTS. 

One of the novel nig-ht effects is secured by the iise of powerful search 
lights, which are so employed as to light up certain portions of the 
grounds for specified periods, and give panoramic glimpses of the build- 
ings, grounds and lagoons. The Administration building, with its gilded 
dome rising nearly 300 feet high, in the center of 
a spacious plaza, 700 feet square, at the head of 
the Court of Honor, is one of the central points for 
the radiation of powerful electric light. From the 
lofty dome of the Administration building is shot 
at night sessions a constantly broadening band of 
light northwest over the lagoon and striking the 
Horticultural and Woman's building. This is a 
Adew of several minutes duration, during which 
the golden door of the Transportation building, the 
water-lilies and marble corridors of Horticultural 
Hall, and the aerial gardens of the Woman's build- 
ing are flooded with light. On the right of the 
band of light may be caught glimpses of the 
Wooded Island and aquatic plants. Another, and 
perhaps m.ore beautiful view is along the line of 
lights extending from, the Peristyle out on the lake. 
In this stream of illumination appears all the novel 
craft sailing in the pleasure harbor, as well as the 
steamboat pier, and back along the broad basin 
300 feet wide, the light speeds to the east PI,ENTy. 

front of the Administration building, and illumin- 
ates the facades of the Agricultural, the Manufactures and several other 
of the beautiful structures. These are but bits of the general effect. The 
waters of the outer basin, the canal, the lagoons, are all lighted by the 
soft incandescent glow of electric lamps. Along the borders of the water- 
ways, amid the foliage, are concealed electric lights. Grand and Drexel 
Boulevards, Stony Island, L<ake and other avenues, and in fact, all of the 
avenues and boulevards on the south side of the city, and more particular- 
ly in the vicinity of Jackson Park, are illuminated every night by elec- 
tricity during the progress of the Exposition. 




THE ELECTRIC LAUNCHES. 

Fifty electric launches carry visitors through the lagoons and canals 
of the Eixposition. These boats are fine specimens of naval architecture, 
built at the Detroit and Racine yards. They are under control of the 
Electric launch and Navigation Co. of New York, The boats are 35 feet 
10 inches over all, built with an oak frame, mahogany interior finish, and 
decks of mahogany. The planking is double cedar, cushions^, leather 
stuffed with hair, awning frames of iron, and all trimmings in polished 



16 



THE GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 



brass. Motive power is furnished by 78 cells of the consolidated storage 
pattern, charg-ed at nig-ht by the same plant that furnishes electricity for 
the electric fountains. The current can be reversed or cut off almost in- 
stantly. The helmsman is also engineer. Carrying capacity of each 
launch 30 passengers and total capacity of fleet per hour 3,000 people. 
All launches start from the north or main entrance of Agricultural Hall, 
then crossing the lagoon to the south door of Manufactures, thence 
to bridge at southwest corner of Manufactures, thence to main 
west entrance of same building. Going north the launches turn at 
the inlet near the Fisheries building, run in and stop at the Fisheries 
bridge and New Fngland Clam Bake. Turning back to the lagoon they 
take passengers to the landing before the Art galleries, swing around the 
North Pond, coming back to the Illinois, Woman's and Transportation 
buildings, the bridge between the Flectricily and Mines, near the Hunt- 
er's Camp, then to the northeast corner of Flectricity, to the east corner 
of same building, and back to starting point. The round trip is made in 
less than one hour. In the management of the launches a force of 200 
men is employed. All of them are uniformed. The boats have awnings of 
orange and red stripes and fly the regulation United States Navy ensign 
at the stern, and the Columbian Maritime flag at the bow. The latter, 
designed by Mr. Millet, has a white ground with an anchor of yellow 
surrounded by a wreath of the same color. All steamers running to the 
Exposition, and all boats on the waters of the Exposition, carry this flag. 



THE GONDOLIERS. 

The sixty gondoliers who propel the gondolas through the waterways 
of the exposition were brought direct from Venice. They are all ex- 
perienced. The list includes many who have traveled Burope over, doing 
exactly the service to be done in the fair lagoons. They are practically a 
picked troop, whose business it is to show the 
world how Venetians do without ground to walk 
on. They have ample opportunity, since their 
courses cover a distance longer than a mile. There 
are numerous landings with broad stairways to the 
water's edge. Some start from the base of the 
electric fountain, pilot their boats under bridges 
and past Manufactures Hall and Electricity build- 
ing along the shores of Wooded Island with its 
blooms of every clime, on past the quaint Hooden 
Palace and Japan garden, under the bridge de- 
corated by the island kingdom, across the north 
pond to the Art palace, or skirt the Fishery build- 
ing out to the edge of the lake. The gondolas are 
supplied with guitar and mandolin artists until 
the efi'ect is Venetian in every detail. The uni- 
form is the dress worn four centuries ago and the 
boats are black, since an ancient edict allows no 
other color. The men's trousers are knicker- 
bockers, tied at the knee with cord and tassel 




ART. 



TH:e GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 17 

and striped in red and wliite. The jacket is red, with gold fringe and a 
many-colored belt, and a large medallion over the breast. The cap is a 
fez with a feather, the whole comprising a most brilliant outfit. Those 
who drive the single craft and those on the big ducal barges are dressed 
alike, and all cabins are decorated in silk and satin. 

THE INTRAMURAL RAILWAY. 

The Intramural Elevated Electric Railway affords rapid transit arouna 
the exposition grounds. The line is three and one-tenth miles long, 
double tracked, with loop terminals. The north loop is located over the 
lagoon between the Fisheries and Government buildings. From this 
point the road runs north to the Iowa building in the northeast corner of 
the park, thence along the north line of the park to 56th street and Stony 
Island avenue, thence southward along Stony Island avenue, just inside 
the grounds, to the transportation annex, crossing over the roof and run- 
ning along side of the main Transportation building ; crosses over the 
terminal tracks in front of the railway station ; swings around the end of 
the machinery annex, and runs east parallel with and south of it to the 
Colonnade ; from the Colonnade the direction is somewhat southeast to 
the Forestry building ; then north and parallel with Forestry, Shoe and 
Leather and Krupp buildings to the south loop on the bank of the south 
lagoon, near the convent of La Rabida. The stations are located at the 
Iowa building, S7th, S9th and 62nd street entrances, Transportation an- 
nex, railway terminal station, the Colonnade, Forestry building, and at 
the loops, making ten in all. The power house is situated in the south- 
eastern corner of the grounds, south of the Forestry building. It is a 
frame structure, with a back wall of brick, through which the flues from 
the furnaces pass to the smokestack. Oil is burned as fuel, and a variety 
of oil burners are used under the boilers to test the merits of the different 
apparatuses. The largest engine, placed in the center of the room, is a 
2,000 horse power Reynolds-Corliss cross compound condensing engine, 
built by the Allis company of Milwaukee. It is coupled direct to a 1,500- 
kilowatt Thompson-Houston multipolar railway generator. This dynamo 
is the largest on the World's Fair grounds, and on account of its great 
size it was shipped from Lynn to Jackson Park in separate parts. The 
armature is wound and the generator assem.bled in the station. This is 
undoubtedly the largest dynamo electric machine in the country. The 
armature shaft alone weighs sixty-five tons. It is of solid steel, 24 inches 
in diameter. The rolling stock consists of about 18 trains, each consisting 
of four cars, the first car in each train being equipped with four motors. 
The motors are of a special type, built with the idea of getting up high 
acceleration in short distance. The motors have nominal horse powers 
of about 133 each, making a total of 532 to each train. The cars are con- 
trolled on the series parallel principle, the motors being placed in series 
at the start and gradually thrown into multiple. The cars are equipped 
with the New York air brake of the latest approved design, and will stop 
the train at its highest speed in about 400 feet. They are 47 feet long, 
and each seats 96 people. The conductor for carrying currents from the 
power station to the trains consists of a sixty pound steel frail, similar to 



lo th:^ grounds, waterways, etc. 

those used for the tracks, mounted on insulated blocks and placed outside 
the track. EJach rail is connected to each succeeding- rail through two 
copper plates riveted through the slice bar holes, the slice bar being 
omitted. The current is carried from this rail to the car by means of a 
copper sliding shoe, which rests on the top of the rail and is held in con- 
tact with it by a spring. The current is returned through the iron struc- 
ture, passing from the track to the iron girders through a copper wire, 
and then from girder to girder through heavy copper plates riveted to the 
webs. At night the cars are brilliantly lighted with incandescent lamps. 
They are open in construction. Doors are placed at the sides and can be 
opened by means of one lever from the end of each car, so that when the 
train cotnes to the station, all the doors on one side are opened instan- 
taneously to unload passengers and take others on. The round trip is 
made in 40 minutes, which allows for stoppages at all stations, at a head- 
way of a little over two minutes. The fare is 10 cents, and tickets are de- 
posited in choppers as on other elevated roads. 

THE EXPOSITION FROM THE LAKE. 

A splendid view of the Exposition may be had from the deck of 
a World's Fair steamer. When fully abreast of the site a spectacle of sur- 
passing magnificence meets the view — the vast extent of the beautiful 
grounds,' the windings of the lagoon, the superb array of scores of build- 
ings, elegant and imposing in their architecture, and gay with myriads 
of flags and streamers floating from their pinnacles and towers. 
In the northern portion of the grounds the visitor sees a picturesque 
group of buildings. Here on a hundred acres or more beautifully 
laid out stand the buildings, of foreign nations, and the states of the 
union surrounded by lawns, walks and beds of flowers and shrubbery, 
and ornamented with statuary. In the western part of the group is the 
dome of the beautiful Illinois building, the greatest of the State struc- 
tures, severely classic in style. Just south of the foreign buildings 
is observed a considerable expanse of the lagoon with inlet to the lake, 
and encompassing a large island on which stands the Fish and Fisheries 
building, flanked at each end by a curved arcade connecting it with two oc- 
tagonal pavilions. A little farther to the south, across an area of the lagoon 
is the United States Government building. Nearer on the I^ake Shore, is 
the U. S. Battleship, Illinois, the L/if e Saving Station, I^ookout, and other 
exhibits of the Federal government. Steaming by them, the boat comes 
abreast of the largest building of the Fxposition — that of Manufactures 
and L/iberal Arts. To the north and south of it are numerous pavilions, 
built for special purposes, and to the left on the shore is the magnificent 
Peristyle, surmounted with statuary and running from the beautiful 
Music Hall to the equally beautiful Casino. Beyond this colonnade is the 
Agricultural building on one side, and the southern end of the Manufac- 
tures building on the other side of the Grand Basin, alive with picturesque 
craft. All down this grand avenue, encompassing a beautiful sheet of 
water stand imposing buildings, and at the western extremity rises the 
Administration building, pronounced the gem of the Fair. To the left of 
the latter is Machinery Hall, or Palace of Mechanical Arts, connected 



THE GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 



19 



1 



with the Agricultural building- by a horseshoe arcade, doubling- a brancb 
of the lagoon, near the center of which rises an Egyptian obelisk 60 feet 
high, to the northward of the Administration building are the Electric- 
al and Mining build- 
ings, and north of 
these in the lagoon, 
is an island twenty 
or thirty acres in area 
and one of the most 
attractive spots in 
the Exposition, made 
so by the beautiful 
display of flowersand 
theJapaneseHooden. 
Beyond the Admin- 
istration building to 
the west, is the great 
Terminal Station, 
farther to the left, 
the Cold storage 
warehouse, the bond- 
ed warehouses, and 
to the south the stock 
exhibit. Coming 
closer to the left on 
the lake shore is the 
Convent of Ea Ra- 
bida, the Krupp Gun 
exhibit, the Forestry 
building, the Anthro- 
pological building 
and many minor 
structures, and lin- 
ing the south pond is 
the Ethnological dis- 
play, with its Indian 
villages, the Yucatan 
ruins, the Cliff Dwell- 
ers exhibit and oth- 
er strange and inter- 
esting tilings. To 
the right of the Ad- 
ministration build- 
ing is the crystal 
dome of the Horticul- 
tural building, the 
Woman's building, 
and the quaint struc- 
tures reared by 



~l 



THE OBEIvISK. 



20 THK GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ntC. 

California, Florida and other states and territories. If we look beyond 
the Woman's building, we see the double line of wonderful attractions 
on Midway Plaisance, and beyond it, the beautiful Washington Park 
which has not been invaded by the I^xposition. 

THE REYNOLDS=CORLISS ENGINE. 

To be seen in the great power house, annex to Machinery Hall. 

Furnishes power for two Westinghouse incandescent light machines 
of 10,000 light capacity each. Cost $80,000. The most powerful engine 
ever built. The engine has a maximum of 3,000 horse power. Two 
thousand horse power is its minimum. One hundred and ten feet is the 
length of the space occupied by the mighty motor. Visitors will have 
the opportunity to watch the workings of the engine from three sides. 
The monster is known as a Reynolds-Corliss quadruple expansion en- 
gine. Its whole weight is 325 tons. Many of the gears were especially 
constructed for it. The cjdinders are four in number and arranged 
tandem. The sizes of the cylinders are as follows: 26x72, 40x72, 60x72 
and 70x72. The nrst of these weighs ten tons, the second eighteen tons, 
the third twenty-three tons and the fourth thirty tons. The pressure of 
steam about 115 pounds to the inch The fly-wheel is 30 feet in diameter, 
while its face is 76 inches broad. It carries the largest belt in the Ex- 
position. This inighty wheel is built of twelve sections, each weighing 
8,000 pounds. It has twelve arms, each weighing 2,100 pounds. The 
shaft on which it rests is a piece of steel 17 feet long and 21 inches in 
diameter. This shaft weighs 35 tons. Every second the wheel makes a 
revolution, and thus the piston travels 720 feet every minute. The en- 
tire engine is within a cast iron frame specially designed by Edwin Rey- 
nolds, the inventor. Mr. Reynolds is to-day recognized as the foremost 
inventor of great engines in the United States. 

ENGINES OF THE EXPOSITION. 

May be seen in great power house, annex to Machinery Hall. 

The engines with horse-power capacity in the Exposition, together 
with their makers and styles are as follows. The figures represent the 
horse power : Buell cross compound, 480 ; Armington & Sims simple, 
500 ; General Electrical triple expansion, 500 ; Phoenix triple expansion, 
500 ; Phoenix tandem compound, 250 ; Phoenix simple, 250 ; E. P. Allis 
cross compound, 500 ; Woodbury tandem conpound, 600 ; A. E. Ide simple, 
200 ; A. E. Ide tandem compound, 225 ; Ball & Wood cross compound, 
200 ; Ball & Wood simple, 150 ; Ball & Wood tandem compound, 150 ; Ball 
& Wood simple, 150 ; Ball & Wood tandem compound, 150 ; E. P. Allis 
quadruple expansion, 2,000 ; Eraser & Chalmers triple expansion, 1,000 ; 
McEwen tandem compound, 220 ; Westinghouse-Church-Kerr compound, 
330; Westinghouse-Church-Kerr compound, 330; Westinghouse-Church- 
Kerr compound, 1,000; Buckeye triple expansion, 1,000; Atlas compound, 
1,000; Mclntosh-Seymore double tandem compound, 1,000; Westinghouse- 
Church-Kerr compound, 1,000; Buckeye cross compound, 300; Buckeye 
simple compound, 125 ; Buckeye simple compound, 125 ; Buckeye simple 



TH^ GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETfC. 



21 



compound, 190 ; Buckeye tandem compound, ISO ; Russell double tandem 
compound, 506 ; Bussell double tandem, compound, 216 ; lyease & Bodley 
cross compound, 300 ; I^ease & Bodley tandem compound, 300 ; Bass cross 
compound, 224; Atlas tandem, compound, 500; Watertown double tandem 
compound, 250 ; Skinner simple, 150 ; Skinner simple, 150. 

WALKS, SHRUBBERY, ETC. 

Among the grandest features of the Exposition are the broad terraces, 
Medusaline walks and miles of flowers and shrubbery which rise on both 
sides of the system, of canals. The canals run from one end of the park 
to the other. The main basin, extending from the lake to the Adminis- 
tration Building, is 300 feet wide. The 
others are 150 feet wide. About these ply 
launches. Rising six feet from either 
side from the water's edge is a retaining 
wall. At the summit of this wall is the 
first terrace. It is sixty feet wide. Occu- 
pying a space twenty feet wide in the 
middle are beautiful flowering plants 
and shrubs. On either side of this stretch 
of green are medusaline walks, each 
twenty feet wide. Medusaline is a newly 
invented building material which is 
harder than stone, can be molded into 
any shape, and is susceptible of polish as 
smooth and brilliant as granite. Rising 
another six feet is a second wall. This is 
covered with staff, giving it the appear- 
ance of solid masonry. From its top, 
extending outward, is another walk, also 
of medusaline, sixty feet wide. Along 
the inner edge a highly ornamental 
balustrade two feet high with staff- 
covered posts, extends the entire length of the terrace. There 
are sixteen boat landings along the canals, and broad stairways 
from, twenty-four to sixty feet wide lead from the watei-'s edge to the 
second terrace. The steps are of medusaline. At intervals of twenty or 
thirty feet along the balustrade are arc and incandescent electric lamps. 
Aquatic fowls of all climes swim about in the lagoons. These include 
widgeons, sea gulls, swans, brown pelicans, storks, sand-hill crane, wood 
ducks of rare plumage, American wild geese, blue geese, ibises, etc. 



THE ROIvWNG CHAIR. 



STAFF AND ITS COMPOSITION. 

The material used in the construction of the Exposition buildings was 
it on, wood, glass and what is called "staff." Thirty thousand tons, or 
two thousand carloads of the latter material were consumed. Staff was 
invented in France about 1876, and first used in the buildings of the Paris 
Exposition of 1878. It is composed chiefly of powdered gypsum, the other 
constituents being alumnia, glycerine and dextrine. These are mixed 



22 



THK GROUNDS, WATERWAYS, ETC. 



with water without heat, and cast in molds in any desired shape and al- 
lowed to harden. The natural color is a murky white, but other colors 
are produced by external washes rather than by additional ingredients. 
To prevent brittleness the material is cast around a coarse cloth, bagging 
or oakum. The casts are shallow-like, and about half an inch thick. 
They may be in any form — in imitation of cut stone, ' rock-faced stone, 
moldings or the most delicate designs. For the lower portions of the 
walls the material is mixed with cement, which makes it hard. Staff is 
impervious to water, and is a permanent building material, although its 
cost is less than one-tenth of that of marble or granite. 

BEST VIEWS OF THE EXPOSITION. 

The best views of the Exposition as a whole, of course, are to be had 
from the Ferris wheel, from a balloon, or from the decks of the World's 
Fair Steamship Company or other craft in the lake off Jackson Park. 
Those who do not wish to go to the trouble or the expense of taking ad- 
vantage of any of these methods of observation, may obtain beautiful 
views of the Exposition, in sections, from the following points: The 
dome of the administration building, from which may be seen almost the 
entire exposition. From this elevation the Court of Honor and the basins 




GERMAN EUII^DING. 



the; grounds, waterways, etc. 23 

running- to the north and south with all of the magnificent building-s 
which line them, may be embraced. A charming- view can be had from 
the Peristyle, or from the upper floor of the Casino or Music Hall. A 
beautiful view may be obtained from the Golden Door Cafe, over the 
Golden Door of the Transportation building. One of the finest views to 
be had is from the dome of the Illinois building, looking north. From the 
exposition grounds there are beautiful views to be had from points in 
front of the Art building, the Woman's Building, the Horticultural build- 
ing, the Government building, or from the "Wooded Island, or any of the 
bridges which span the waterways. 

THE GERMAN CHIflES. 

In the tower of the German Building, at an elevation of 110 feet. 
They were cast at the order of the Emperor and Empress of Germany 
and by them presented to the Grace Kirche of Berlin. They are lent by 
the kirche for the German Building and will be rung on the occasion of 
German fete days during the Fair. When the Exposition closes they will 
be taken back to their belfry in Berlin. The largest of the three beils 
Vv^eighs 7,000 pounds and the other two 6,000 apiece. It takes the com- 
bined efforts of three men to ring the largest, while two are required to 
handle each of the others. 

HARBOR FOR YACHTS, 

The State of Illinois has granted to the Yacht Club of Chicago the 
right to build such piers and construct such breakwaters on such dan- 
gerous reefs in Eake Michigan, off Jackson Park and East End park as 
may be necessary for the purpose of making a safe lee and anchorage for 
vessels of all classes off Jackson Park and the Calum.et river, as an aid 
to commerce, and to use and maintain the same as it may be authorized 
to build and construct, under a license of the Secretary of War, with and 
■under the direction, control and supervision of the United States en- 
gineer in charge of such district, and subject to all the conditions of 
said license. The license mentioned was secured from the Secretary of 
War, together with a permit for the erection of a marine fort, off Jackson 
Park. The fort will be mounted with heavy ordnance. The harbor will 
be used during the Exposition, or from the time of its completion, for 
the gathering of yachts and other vessels from all parts of the world. 
The great Krupp gun exhibited at the Exposition has been presented to 
the City of Chicago, and at the close of the Fair will probably be mount- 
ed on the fort alluded to. 

COST OF ADORNMENT, ETC. 

Aside from the cost of the great buildings the following are among 
the sums which have been spent in preparation of the Exposition 
grounds : Grading and filling, $450,000 ; landscape gardening, $323,500 ; 
viaduct and bridges, $125,000 ; piers, $70,000 ; waterway improvements, 
$225,000; railways, $500,000; steam plant, $800,000; electric lighting, 
$1,500,000; statuary, $l,0o0,000; vases, lamps, etc., $50,000; lake front 



24 



th:E grounds, waterways, etc. 



adornment, $200,000; water supply and sewerag-e, $600,000; other ex- 
penses, $1,000,000 ; total, $5,943,500. The total expense of org-anization, 
administration and operation of the Exposition is estimated at nearly 
$5,000,000. This takes no account of the sums spent by the government, 
the states or f oreisrn nations. 



COLUMBIAN GUARD. 

An organization under the control and direction of the Exposition 
company for the purpose of police and fire duty and gate keepers. Has 
no connection with departments of the city government. In June, 1892, 
the force numbered about 250 ; in September, 350 ; and at the opening of 
the Exposition in May, 1893, 2,000 men. The guard is under the imme- 
diate command of Col. Edmund Rice, U. S. Army, whose title is Com- 
mandant. He has for his as- 
sistants officers of experience 
from the U. S. Army, the Na- 
tional Guard, Veterans of the 
War, Police force and Eire- 
men as follows : Captain 
Fred A. Smith, Adjutant, 
Commanding Co. "E" and 
Patrol system; Captain E. 
B. Hoppen, U. S. Army 
Quarter-master, and Com- 
manding Co. *'A"; Captain 
R. J. C. Irvine, U. S. Army, 
Commanding Co. "B"; Cap- 
tain G. M. Farnham, Com- 
manding Co. "C"; Captain 
H. M. Elliott, Commanding 
Co. "D" (gate keepers); 
Captain A. C. Speed, Fire In- 
spector, Commanding Co. 
"E" (firemen). The men 
of the guard were selected from the best obtainable, and were 
subjected to a critical physical examination before being accepted. They 
had to be not less than 5 feet 8 inches in height ; and between 21 and 25 
years of age, and were required to furnish testimonials as to former good 
character and habits. They were the guardians of the peace during the 
construction of the buildings, when a force of about 8,000 men were em- 
ployed, and when many accidents were occurring. To control the vast 
crowd of visitors during the Fair, their duties are constant and arduous. 
The uniform of the guard consists of a light blue cloth, sack coat, orna- 
mented with five rows of black braid across the front, each row termin- 
ating in a clover leaf knot, black braid on the cuffs of the sleeves, and 
three small brass buttons on each cuff, the five larger ones down the 
front of the coat. The trousers are of a lighter blue than the coat, and 
trimmed with two rows of flat black braid down each outside seam, with 
a narrow red stripe between. 




COLUMBIAN GUARD. 



Sculpture and Painting. 



SCUi^pture; and painting. 



27 




FIGURES FROM TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 




SCULPTURE AND PAINTING, 




T WAS NOT ENOUGH that the architecture of the Exposi- 
tioo. should represent the noblest conception.-; of modern 
thought. Before the great structures of the Exposition 
were under roof, Frank D. Millet, an artist of world 
wide reputation, was called to take charge of the decora- 
tive work. Augustus St. Gaudens, the most distinguished 
living sculptor, was placed in charge of the sculptural 
decorations. The achievements of these two master minds are before the 
visitor. They have adorned the beautiful architecture in such a way as 
to make the work complete. In the fall of 1892, there were collected in 
Chicago prob3,bly the greatest corps of American artists ever brought to- 
gether, and all of these toiled incessantly with brtish and chisel on the 
work of adorning the beautiful palaces of Jackson Park. This was the 
first time in the history of American art that an opportunity of the kind 
was afforded them, and they took advantage of it. Reference is made in 
this department of the book to the leading works of sculpture and decora- 
tion. 




SCUI^PTURE AND PAINTING. 




"war or peace" — ADMINISTRATION BUII^DING. 

ADHINISTRATION BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed from plaza, surrounding building, or from any point on either side of the 
grand basin. 

Sculptor, Karl Bitter, of New York. Subjects: Groups on small 
domes: "Commerce," "Industry," "Justice," "Religion," "War," 
" Peace," " Science," " Art." Groups on corner pavilions : " Charity," 
"Truth," "Strength," "Abundance," "Tradition," "lyiberty," "Joy," 
"Diligence," "Education," "Unity," "Patriotism," "Theology." Single 
figures: "Fishermaid," "Neptune," "Air," "Diana Harvesting," 
"Blacksmith," "Chemistry," "Electricity." Groups at the sides of en- 
trances, representing the elements, two each of "Water," "Air," 
"liarth," and "Fire." 



DOME OP ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 

One of the most beautiful art productions of the Exposition. May be seen by day or by 
night, to much better advantage by night, when the entire interior of the dome is il- 
luminated by electricity. 

Painter, William L<eftwich Dodge. The artist has represented Apollo 
high on a marble throne receiving the representatives of the different 



30 



SCUI^PTURE AND PAINTING. 



arts and sciences, who advance from either side bearing- gifts or trophies. 
For architecture, two wing-ed steeds draw a car containing a model of the 
Parthenon. The steeds and their riders are vigorous pieces of work. The 
Venus de Milo is borne by the representative of sculpture. Agriculture 
carries a sheaf of wheat. There are figures with musical instruments, with 
flowers and various emblems. There are Roman soldiers, stalwart and 
impressive ; there are spectators, of whom the most pleasing are a mother 
on the steps of Apollo's throne with a beautiful child. Behind Apollo sit 
as judges the great men of authority. Above Apollo in the sky a nymph 
extends a wreath of laurel. Other nymphs draw back a sort of buff 
canopy. In the perspective Science is shown on the receding, rounding, 
mounting steps of Apollo's throne. The figures in this painting average 
about 20 feet in length. It would be impossible, of course, to originate 
the drawing on so large a scale. Mr. Dodge had a small dome built, and 
painted his figures upon it. The entire scene on the model was divided 
into squares. The ceiling of the dome was afterward divided in the same 
way, and the drawing was then enlarged in proportion. The painting is 
called "The Glorification of the Arts and Sciences." 




GROUP ON AGRICUI^TURAI, BUII.DING. 



AGRICULTURAL BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed from plaza in front of Administration building, or from any point in the 
Court of Honor, northern side. 

Sculptor, Philip Martiny, of Philadelphia. Subjects : Twelve single 
"Signs of the Zodiac"; twenty figures of "Abundance," single; two 
groups of " Ceres "; two groups of the Four Seasons ; four groups of The 
Nations, four figures in each group ; horse group and cattle group ; four 
pediments representing "Agriculture." Over the main entrance is an 
Agricultural pediment modeled by lyarkin J. Mead, of Florence, Italy, 
representing " Ceres." From, the central dome of this building rises the 



3CUI,PTXJREJ AND PAINTING. 



31 



beautiful Statue of Diana, by St. Gaudens. This statue was originally 
designed for the Madison Sqtiare Garden, New York, but proved to be too 
large. A smaller one by the same sculptor takes its place. It is pro- 
nounced a masterpiece of American art. Diana, it will be noticed, acts 
as a weather vane, her position shifting with the slightest change in the 
wind. 



iir 




CATTI.K GROUP, AGRICUI^TURAI. BUII^DING. 



AGRICULTURAL BUILDING DECORATION. 

May be seen at entrances and from loggias. 

On the exteriors Maynard has executed large decorations in oil and 
wax ; also under the grand entrance at the four pavilions at the corners. 
At either side of the main entrance are colossal figures of "Fertility" 
and "Abundance," above which are inscribed the names of Greek and 
Roman writers on Agricultural subjects. On the side walls of the portico 
which is deeper than the pavilions, are the Agricultural King Tripole- 
meus, standing in the chariot of Demeter, drawn by dragons, and Cybele, 
the Goddess of Fertility. The pavilions have at either side of the door- 
ways allegorical female figures in pairs, of the Seasons. In the frieze 
alone over the entrance are in alternation rampant figures of horses and 
bulls, at either side of which are scenes characteristic of the seasons. 
For "Winter there is a boy leading a bull, and a girl with a cow. For 
Spring, a man plowing with oxen and a Roman cart drawn by oxen ; for 
Summer, men on horseback, and men drawing a chariot ; and for Au- 
tumn, a variation of Spring. The decorative work surrounding Maynard's 
scenes and figures is by H. F. Schladerm.undt. 



32 



SCUI.PTURE; AND PAINTING. 




HORSE GROUP, AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 

ART BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

This has reference to exterior tigures principally. They may be seen from any point 
surrounding the Art building. All are by Martiny. 

The statue of "Victory," which crowns the doine of the building is 
referred to elsewhere. The group placed on the porti- 
co of the main entrance, caryatids and angels, will 
attract particular attention. The same gracefulness 
of outline characterize these that is a feature of the 
Victory statue. The angels are conceived in a severe- 
ly classic style. The wings are folded, the arms hang 
down by the side. One hand holds the palm of peace, 
the other the laurel wreath. In size, the angels are 12 
feet high. The four allegorical figures of Art, Paint- 
ing, Music and Sculpture, are a little smaller, measur- 
ing only 10 feet 6 inches, and the caryatids are 11^ 
feet in height. The latter adorn the portals of the annex. 

ART BUILDING DECORATION. 

Exterior view only. 

The walls of the colonnades are adorned with mural paintings illus- 
trating the history and progress of art. Some beautiful work is to be 
seen here. No attempt was made to decorate the interior of the building 
for the reason that wall painting of any kind would necessarily detract 
from the hangings. The paintings exhibited form of themselves the dec- 
orative work of this building. 





SCUI<PTURK AND PAINTING. 33 



ELECTRICITY BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed from lagoon, north of building or from plaza front of Administration 
building. 

Two figures both 14 feet high, over the south hetnicycle were made by 
H. A. McNeill and J. A. Blankingship. The statue of Franklin, 16 feet 
high, in the hemicycle, is by Carl Rollsmith. 

ELECTRICITY BUILDING DECORATIONS. 

May be viewed from any side of building. 

Pediments, friezes, panels and spandrils 
with figures in relief ornament the exterior. 
The walls of the interior are colored modest- ,, 
ly so as to give a proper effect to the ex- '(j'l 
hibits. 

FISHERIES BUILDING DECORATION. 

The visitor is advised to observe the general character 
of decorative work at entrances and throughout 
the interior. 

Everything here is intended to illustrate the purpose for which this 
beautiful building was erected. A scene of whale-fishing over the south 
entrance will attract particular attention. Statues of fishers casting the 
spear, throwing the hand line, etc., surmount the angles. 

DOME OF GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 

Decorations of interior of dome may be viewed by day or night. They show beautifully 
in the soft light of electricity which is made to bring out their best effects. 

Four of the panels typify East, West, North and South, and their 
specific industries, while four others represent liberal arts, such as metal 
industries, ceramics or pottery, tapestry, modeling and architecture. 
These panels are 10 feet high by 16 feet in length. Above the second 
story and all around the inner dome is a children's frieze 10 feet high, 
and 280 feet long, allegorically representing the commerce of this country. 
There are two typanums around the external dome on the first floor, 10 
feet high by 32 feet in length, which are typical of the north and south 
illustrated by drawings, respectively, of the Declaration of Independence 
and the achievements of the United States since that period. America is 
shown in the center, and at the right in the background is a representa- 
tion of the Capitol building at "Washington. On the left is an illustration 
of commercial transportation by water. There are also two panels, 10 
feet high and 20 feet long, in the gallery fronts east and west, to rep- 
resent in allegory 1492 on one side and 1892 on the other. In the first 
panel is portrayed the landing of Columbus, and in the second an illustra- 
tion depicting the Columbian Exposition. 



34 



SCUIvPTURE AND PAINTING. 



HORTICULTURAL BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

Iway De viewed from the Wooded Island or from points on the terrace to tlio north and 
south. 

Sculptor, Ivorado Taft, of Chi- 
cago. Subjects: " Group of Flow- 
ers," "Group of the Seasons;" 
four single floral figures; and 
the Cupid frieze, six feet wide, 
which extends all around the 
building. 

ILLINOIS BUILDING SCULP= 
JURE. 

jj. Lorado Taft, of Chicago, chief sculptor. 
Principal groups at main entrances. 

"Illinois Welcoming the Na- 
tions" is the most attractive of' 
the sculpture work. It is draped 
with arms outstretched, and is 
one of the most beautiful crea- 
tions of Taft. Another by the 
same sculptor is the " Birth of 
Chicago." Chicago, a rare and 
radiant maid of grace divine, 
garbed in trailing robes, is pict- 
ured coming from earth like a 
new Pallas Athene, springing 
full-armed from the forehead of 
Zeus. Nymphs of the lake, the 
forest and the stream attend the 
nativity of fair Chicago, and all 
their unstinted offerings are 
poured out in grand profusion a,t 
the feet of the new queen and 
goddess. " L/aSalle and His Com- 
panions" and "Education," al- 
so by Taft, will command attention and admiration. Seven young 
women of Illinois were designers of seven original figures, all of wo- 
men, used as part of the decorations in the rooms of this building. The 
figures and sculptors are as follows : " Maternity " — Mrs. Ellen Rankin 
Copp ; "Justice " — Miss Janet Scudder ; " Charity " — Miss Carrie Brooks; 
" Faith " — Miss Julia Bracken ; " L/earning " — ^Miss Zulima Taft ; "Art " 
— Miss Bessie Potter ; "Welcome" — Miss Julia Bracken. Of these the 
first six are made of the composition called staff, while the last is a Parian 
marble. The composition figures are shewn between the windows in the 
Art department of the building, where they lend most beauty to the arch- 
itecture on pedestals or brackets, 16 feet from the floor, and extended out a 
little way from the wall. The attitudes of the figures are graceful and 




GROUP PROM AGRICUI^TURAI, 
BUII,DING. 



scui^fture; and painting. 



35 



creditable to tlie designers. The figure of "Welcome" was a special 
work awarded to Miss Bracken. For this she received $2,500. This 
statue stands at the entrance to the Won- an' s section of the building. 



MACHINERY HALL SCULPTURE. 




WATER SCIENCE EIRE 

MACHINERY HAI,I,. 



May be seen from plaza of Admin- 
istration building. 

Sculptors, N. A.Waagen and 
Robert Kraus. Subjects : Fig- 
ures of Victory on the towers 
and pinnacles. Seventeen of 
these are reproductions in cop- 
per by William H. Mullin, of 
Salem, O. The pediment has 
ten figures of Science and six 
of Inventors, which were mod- 
eled, the first by Waagen, the 
latter by Kraus. 



DOMES OF THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 

The decorative work is among the most beautiful to be seen in the Exposition buildings. 
Views may be had from the floors of the loggias. 

North entrance. Beckwith and Shirlaw painters. By Beckwith, 
"Flectricity as applied to Commerce," four females. By Shirlaw, " The 
Abundance of I^and and Sea," four figures on nuggets of gold and silver, 
and a branch of coral and a huge pearl. Fast entrance. Simmons and 
Cox painters. By Simmons, four nude men, a blacksmith for iron, a 
sculptor for stone ; a man holding a coil of rope, for hemp ; and so on. 
By Cox, a woman bending a sword, representing metal worker's art; 
Weaving, by a woman holding a distaff ; Pottery, by a woman decorating 
a vase ; Building, by a woman with a 
partly finished brick wall at her back, 
holding a carpenter's square. South en- 
trance. Painters, Reid and Weir. By 
Reid, three seated figures of women against 
the sky, representing the arts of design, 
and one seated man, a metal worker. By 
Weir, female figures representing pottery, 
sculpture, decoration, and textile arts. 
West entrance. Painters, Blashfield and 
Reinhart. By Blashfield, sitting figures 
winged, allegorical of the arts of the ar- 
morer, the brass-worker, the iron-worker, 
the stone-worker. By Reinhart, seated 
figures representing the oldsmith's and decorative arts, with vases of 
plants in the arches overhead. 




36 



SCULPTURE AND PAINTING. 



Over main doorway. 



MINES BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

This is a classical representation of Mining-, 
the industry to which the building is dedicated. 
A colossal half-reclining female figure in Greek 
drapery, holding aloft in one hand a lamp to guide 
the miner, and in the other a pick, is the work of 
Richard W. Bock. 

MUSIC HALL AND CASINO SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed from ten-aces in Court of Honor and from Co- 
lumbia or Casino Pier east of Peristyle. 

The work on the Music Hall and Casino and 
Peristyle, and the Quadrig-a or horse group over 
the Columbus portions are by sculptors French and Potter. Five figures 
on the Music Hall and Casino are by Theodore Baitr. 




TRANSPORTATION BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed from terrace or promenade in front of building, or from passages to the 
north and south. 

Sculptor, John J. Boyle, of Philad3lphia. Subjects : Twelve single 
figures, representing the inventors of all nations ; on the east facade eight 
groups, representing the " Ship of State "; three figures on the Pilot of a 




PANEL OVER ENTRANCE TO TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



Locomotive ; five bas-reliefs around the main entrance, representing the, 
progress m transportation from the earliest means, oxen and the plow 
down to vhe most recent discoveries. 



SCUIyPTURE AND PAINTING. 



WOMAN'S BUILDING SCULPTURE. 

May be viewed best from Art building, southern front, Wooded Island, or Children's 
Building, 

Miss Alice Rideout, of San Francisco, sculptress. Subjects : " Three 
Fates," six casts of each; "A Family Group," twelve groups in all. 
These fig-ures surmount the building-. The pediment, forty feet, over the 
east and west entrances, represent the various works in which woman- 
kind is interested. 

WOHAN'S BUILDING DECORATION. 

Exterior, the pediments, 40 feet over the east and west entrances ; interior, the State and 
special rooms of the building, nearly all of which are decorated by women. 

The pedim^ent groups are very attractive. One of them illustrates 
""Woman's Virtues," represented by a slender figure with the Virgin veil, 
surrounded by a wreath of roses on the head. "Sacrifice" is a nun in 
the act of laying down her jewels upon an altar. " Charity," " Materni- 
ty," and "I^ove" as well as the group " Woman as the Spirit of Civiliza- 
tion," the "Good Samaritan," the "Teacher," and the "Mistress of 
Music," were all designed by Miss Alice Rideout. One of the handsomest 
rooms in the building is that decorated by the ladies of California 

THE PERISTYLE. 

Eastern extremity of Grard Basin, fronting Lake Michigan between Music Hall and 
Casino. 

Composed of 48 columns, 24 on either side of the Columbus portions. 
These symbolize the States and territories. On each column is a figure 




ON The; peristyi^e. 



38 



scuIvPTure; and painting. 



14 feet in height. Below are the coats-of-arms of the different States and 
the name of each. This colonnade reaches 234 feet from the Casino on 
one side and the Music Hall on the other to the Columbus portions in the 
center. Over the portions or what is called the water-gate to the exposi- 
tion, is a sculptured group representing a female herald in a chariot 
drawn by four horses, each pair led by a male youth, a pair of outriders 
in the rear. This is called the Quadriga. On either side of the arch are 
groups representing the genius of navigation and discovery, with support- 
ing figures for each on the projecting prow of a vessel. The best view of 
this magnificent work, taken as a whole, may be obtained from the Casino 
pier, which stretches out into Lake Michigan and forms a steamboat 
landing. 




STATUS oif the; republic. 



scui,pture; and painting. 



COURT OF HONOR. 

That portion of the Exposition bounded on the east by the Peristyle, on the west by the 
Administration building, on the south by the Agricultural building, and on tne north 
by the Southern facade of the Manufactures building. 

"Within this enclosure is the Grand Basin, surrounded on all sides by- 
beautiful terraces and promenades, which in turn, are ornamented with 
sculpture. Rising- from the eastern end of the Grand Basin, directly in 
front of the Columbus portions is the " Statue of the Republic." Facing 
this mag-nificent figure at the western end of the basin is the Columbia or 
MacMonnies Fountain, on either side of which are the electric fountains, 
which can only be seen to advantage at night. Between the MacMonnies 
fountain and the eastern portal of the Administration building is the 
great statue of Columbus, designed by Mrs. L^awrence, under the direc- 
tion of Augustus St. Gaudens. It will strike the visitor who views the 
Court of Honor from any point that the designs of landscape gardener, 
architect and sculptor were made with one object in view, the harmony 
of the whole. The visitor will not make a mistake in this. In the laying 
out of the work, it was agreed, in fact it was ordered, that all architects 
of buildings in this court should adopt a proportion of 60 feet of height, 
50 being the column height, and 10 that of entablature. So that the line 
of masonry around this court is in accord. To the eye of even the unin- 
itiated in art, this harmonious blending is visible. It pleases the eye just 
as cadences, softened by distance, charm the ear of the most uncultured. 
The statuary referred to here is described in its proper placfe. 

COLUHBUS QUADRIGA. 

D. C. French and E. C. Potter, sculptors and designers. Surmounting Columbus porticus, 
central arch of peristyle. 

The group represents Columbus as he appeared in the triumphal fete 
given in his honor on his return from his first voyage. It has for its cen- 
tral figure the great discoverer standing in a four horse chariot, leaning 
lightly on a bejeweled admiral's sword. The figure is 14 feet high, is 
poised firmly on its feet, the head thro-w-n back proudly as an indication 
of the daring determination of the bold navigator. The horses drawing 
the chariot are led by women, whose attitude expresses strength and en- 
ergy. Their light drapery flies in the wind and the mounted horses are 
prancing impatiently. A mounted herald on either side completes the 
group. A splendid view of the quadriga may be had from the Casino 
Pier. 

STATUE OF "THE REPUBLIC." 

By French. In Grand Basin in front of Peristyle and facing Administration building. 

The pedestal on which this figure stands is built in the water. The 
statue itself is 65 feet tall, and its beauty would satisfy the sculpture of 
the old Greek school. In the right hand is a globe on which sits a spread 
eagle. The left hand upholds a staff surmounted with a liberty cap. The 
conception of the artist was to have his subject wear a look of perfect 
contentment, and that dream has been realized in the work. The head, 



40 



SCUI^PTURE AND PAINTING. 



neck and. arms ave finished in old ivory after the copies of the famous 
statues of Jupiter and Minerva by Phidias. The rest of the figure is 
finished in gold leaf, the cost of the gilding being $300. A better idea of 
the dimensions of the work than can be had from a mere observation of 
it will be obtained when it is stated, that the distance between the chin 
and the top of the head is 15 feet ; the arms are 30 feet long ; the nose is 
30 inches long ; the wedding ring finger is 10^ inches around ; the length 
of the fore finger is 45 inches. There is room on one hand to hold four 
men of ordinary size. Inside the figure is a stairway for the accommoda- 
tion of the attendant who sees to the lighting of the electric diadem on 
the head. He passes through the neck of the figure and out through a 
doorway in the top of the head. 



COLUriBIA FOUNTAIN. 

Stands at head of Grand Basin, in Court of Honor, facing the Peristyle to the east, in 
front of the Administration building. Best views may be bad from promenades 
north or south of basin. 

The most imposing group of statuary in the Exposition grounds. De- 
signed by Frederick MacMonnies, of New York. It is a magnificent sight 
at the close of day when against the dark background of the Administra- 
tion building in shad- 
ow, framed by the 
golden sky of sunset, 
the visitor pauses to 
gaze upon Columbia 
seated high upon a 
barque with Fame at 
the prow, propelled by 
the oars in the hands 
of eight female figures 
personifying the arts, 
sciences and industry, 
and guided by the gov- 
erning hand of Time, 
while eight outriders 
on sea horses clear the 
way through the 
splashing foam. The 
barque, which resem- 
bles somewhat the 
form of a Spanish car- 
avel, is placed in the 
center of a basin ISO 
feet in diameter. The 
figures are fifteen 
feet in height. It may 
THi; Bb;i,i^. — court op honor. readily be imagined 

that the work of fitting the various parts of plaster together and setting 
them up was no small task. The plumbing required to conduct the water to 




SCUIvPXURi; AND PAINTING. 



41 



tlie eighty or more jets and to direct it so that it falls in the desired line 
was also an undertaking of magnitude. The group is built up with 
plaster over a strong framework of wood and iron, with the exception of 
the oars, which are made of zinc that they might have the required 




THE COI,UMBIAN FOUNTAIN. 

strength. The work was superintended by Mr. E. Grandin, of Paris, who 
successfully carried out several contracts of similar character and mag- 
nitude in France, among others the mounting and taking down of Fal- 
guere's colossal group from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. 



42 SCUI.PTURK AND PAINTING 



ST. QAUDEN'S PILLARS. 

Rising on either side of the eastern and western end of the Grand Basin in front of the 
Administration building and Peristyle. 

These beautiful columns were designed for the purpose of embellishing 
the classic appearance of the Court of Honor. They add greatly to the 
beauty of the scene, and have been much admired for their simplicity and 
grace. 

STATUE OF COLUMBUS. 

Miss Mary Lawrence, sculptress. Front of east entrance to Administration building. 

This work was first placed in the hands of Mr. lyouis St. Gaudens, a 
brother of Augustus St. Gaudens, who, however, did not have at his dis- 
posal the time in which to finish it. The work was undertaken by Miss 
Mary Ivawrence, daughter of a millionaire merchant of New York, recent- 
ly deceased, who has taken to art purely for the love of it. She is a pupil 
of Agustus St. Gaudens and the design was executed under the guidance 
of this great sculptor. The figure represents Columbus with the standard 
of Castile and Aragon uplifted in his right hand. In the left is the dis- 
coverer's sword, pointed downward. The head is thrown back. The 
face differs from all the familiar portraits. It is beardless, and that is 
about the only resemblance it bears to the Lotto, accepted as the model 
for the souvenir coin. The face is deep-lined and has a careworn look, 
quite unlike the calm and contented expression in the Lotto portrait, or 
of any of the other familiar likenesses of the navigator. The hair is cut 
squarely around the back of the neck, and the head is bare. The hands 
are encased in gauntlets and falling from the cuirass are the tasses or 
skirts, of sliding splints of steel. On the feet and ankles are the jandes. 
The figure represents Columbus taking posession of America. The pose 
is heroic and the idea admirably portrayed. The work, as a whole, is re- 
garded as the greatest statue of Columbus in America. 

STATUE OF VICTORY. 

Bj' Philip Martiny. Crowns the central dome of tlie Art building. May be seen from the 
lagoon or promenade surrounding, and from any point north of the Mines and Elec- 
tricity buildings. 

This beautiful creation is sometimes called "Fame" and sometimes 
"Victory." The figure stands 14 feet 6 inches tall in her bare feet. It is 
a splendid conception, severe in design, but so beautifully executed that 
one almost fancies the goddess soaring in mid-air. The thin drapery of 
the figure conceals, while at the same time it accentuates, the perfect con- 
tour of limb and pose. 

COLUMBUS STATUE, LAKE FRONT. 

Erected on Lake Front Park, foot of Van Buren street, by the Exposition management. 
Designed by Howard Ki-etschmar, of Chicago. 

This statue is of heroic size, representing Columbus in the act of dis- 
covering Am^erica. The conception is entirely at variance with that of the 



SCUI<PTURE AND PAINTING. 43 

Columbus statue in front of the Administration building-. The costume 
is military and the cloak is luxurious. The feet are wide apart, one in 
advance of the other. The face is turned toward the west. A plaster 
cast of this statue is exhibited at the Pair. 

STATUE OF "FORWARD." 

Designed by Miss Jean P. Miner. In front of Wisconsin building, State group. 

The figure shows both grace and strength. The drapery which is 
well arranged is blown back as if the wind were pushing- forward the boat 
on the prow of which she stands. She seems intent on catching- a view 
of shore. The uplifted hand and the expression of the face are both in- 
dicative of a willingness to step out into a new field. The prow of the 
boat, which serves as a sub-pedestal, is given a touch of local color through 
the figurehead, which represents Old Abe, the famous eag-le of the Eighth 
Wisconsin. The statue is about seven feet high, cut out of pure white 
Vermont marble, thus giving the work an essentially American character. 

STATUE OF HIAWATHA. 

Stands in front of Minnesota building, State group. Tjeldie, sculptor. Erected by sub- 
scription of school children of Minnesota. 

The design is beautiful, and represents Hiawatha as a,n idealized In- 
dian of fine mold. The incident of the poem which is found delineated 
in the statue is described in these lines : 

"O'er the wide and rushing river 

In his arms he bore the maiden." 
This was when Hiawatha and Minnehaha were on their wedding 
journey from the wigwam of the father to that of the lover. The model 
of the girl is as fine as that of Hiawatha. They are Indians, but such as 
the red man may have been before he was discovered and driven by the 
pale-faced brother. It is made in plaster for presentation during the Ex- 
position, but will be cast in bronze and placed at Minnehaha Falls per- 
manently. 

"THE STILL HUNT." 

Figure by Kemys. Opposite central pavilion Manufactures building. 

Represents a huge panther in search of prey. The crouching- attitude 
and the earnest look in the eyes are such as to make the beholder almost 
feel that the animal is a thing of life. Few figures on the ground have 
received so much attention as this. 

"GOLDEN DOOR." 

Main entrance of Transportation building. The term "Golden Door" is applied to the 
beautiful portal of this building. 

It is designed after the manner of triumphal arches, and is in reality 
a series of receding arches embellished with bas-reliefs, in single figures 
and groups. The panels on either side represent the progress made in 
transportation from the earliest days to the present time. Mural paint- 



44 SCUI,PTURE AND PAINTING. 

ings, marine and railway scenes, fill the corners above the arch. The 
portal is covered with gold leaf ; hence its name. 

OHIO nONUHENT. 

In front of Ohio building, State group. Levy T. Schofleld, of Cleveland, designer. 

This monument, executed in bronze, is 17 feet high, and cost the State 
of Ohio $25,000. After the Fair it will be removed to Columbus, and 
erected in front of the State Capitol. Life sized figures of Grant, Sheri- 
dan, Sherman, Chase, Stanton and other sons of Ohio, are grouped 
around the granite shaft. Cornelia, pointing to the inscription, "There 
are my Jewels," stands on a pedestal above the group. 

SCULPTURE ON BRIDGES. 

The bridges of the Exposition are beautiful and have been made artistic by sculptural 
ornamentation. 

Six native animals of America reproduced twice by Edward Kemys, 
and the same number of animals by A. P. Proctor. By the former, a 
male and female puma, a buffalo cow and bull, a brown and black bear ; 
by the latter, polar and grizzly bear, one of each sex, one elk and a 
moose. 




The Great Buildings and their 
riost Striking Exhibits. 




HE GRBAT BUII^DINGS of the Exposition include the 
following : Administration, Agricultural, Anthropologic- 
al, Art, Electricity, Fish and Fisheries, Forestry, Horti- 
cultural, Machinery, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, 
Mines and Mining, Transportation, U. S. Government, 
Woman's — fourteen in all. The Illinois building, Choral 
Hall, Children's building. Music Hall, State, Foreign and Special 
buildings might all come under the classification of great, but they 
are not included among the Exposition buildings proper, and are 
therefore referred to in another department of this book. 



C«| 




A NEAR VIEW OE THE QUADRIGA. 



ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OF ADMINISTRATION. 

Location, head of grand basin, facing Peristyle and water gateway to the Exposition. 



Four pavilions 84 feet square connected by a great central dome 
and 250 feet high. Cost $435,000. 



feet in diameter 



This building- is one of the noblest achievements of modern archi- 
tecture. It occupies the most commanding- position on the Exposition 
grounds. In the center of each facade is a recess, 32 feet -wide, -within 
-which is a grand entrance to the building. It is a beautiful and dignfied 
specimen of architecture, befitting its position among- the many fine 
structures over which it presides. Its general design is in the style of the 
French renaissance, carried out in the academic manner of the Ecole des 
Beaux Arts. The first great story is in the Doric order, and of heroic 
proportions, surmounted by a lofty balustrade. At the angles of each 
pavilion the piers are crowned with sculpture. Externally, the design 
may be divided, in its height, with three principal stages. The first stage 
corresponds in height with the buildings grouped about it, which are 
about 65 feet high. The second stage of the same height is a continuation 
of the central rotunda, 175 feet square, surrounded on all sides by an open 
colonnade, 20 feet wide and 40 feet high, -with columns four feet in diame- 
ter. This colonnade is reached by elevators. The third stage consists of 
the base of the great dome, 30 feet in height, and the dome itself, rising- 
in graceful lines, richly ornamented with moulded ribs and sculptured 
panels. This dome is gilded in panels, the cost of which was $10,- 
000, and asserts itself grandly at the end of the long- vista which 
opens up in every direction. The four great entrances, one on each side 
of the buildJng, are SO feet wide and SO feet high, deeply recessed. On 



48 



the; gre;at buildings, e;tc. 



each side of these entrances are placed groups of sculpture, of emblem- 
atic character. The interior features rival in beauty the exterior. Be- 
tween every one of the grand entrances is a hall 30 feet square, provided 
with broad circular stairways and swift running 
elevators. The interior of the dome is octagon- 
al in form, the first story being composed of 
eight enormous arched openings. Above the 
arches is a frieze, 27 feet in width, the panels 
filled with tablets, borne by figures carved in 
relief. The interior of the dome rises 200 feet 
from the floor, and an opening 50 feet square 
admits a flow of light. The under side of the 
dome is enriched with panels filled with sculp- 
ture, and immense paintings, representing the 
arts and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals 
if not surpasses the most celebrated domes of 
like character in the world. In the four corner 
pavilions, which are four stories high, are the 
offices of the administration, the fire and police 
departments, board and committee rooms, post- 
office, bank, restaurant, etc. A heroic statue of 
Columbus, by Louis St. Gaudens, stands before 
the main entrance of the Administration building. See " Sculpture and 
Painting." 




AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 



PALACE OF AGRICULTURE. 

Location, running parallel with the grand basin, main facade fronting the waterway be- 
tween the Adminiotration building and the Peristyle. Pavilions on each corner 144 
feet square ; main entrance 64 feet wide ; total dimensions in feet 500x800 ; annex 
300x500. Cost $618,000. 

This is one of the most magnificent and striking structures of the 
E^xposition. It stands very near the shore of I^ake Michigan. Its longest 
dimensions are east and west. For a single story building the design is 
bold and heroic- The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade. On 
either side of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars, 50 feet 
high and 5 feet in diameter. On either corner and from the center of 
the building pavilions are reared, the center one being 144 feet square. 
The corner pavilions are connected by curtains, forming a continuous 
arcade around the top of the building. The main entrance leads through 
an opening 64 feet wide into a vestibule, from which entrance is had to 
the rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth 
glass dome 130 feet high. All through the main vestibule statuary has 
been designed illustrative of the agricultural industry. Similar designs 
are grouped about all the grand entrances in the most elaborate manner. 
The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high, and above 
these tower groups of statuary. The design of these domes is that of 
three female figures of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth 
globe. The artistic adornment of the Agricultural building has been 





&^,' 















the; gre;at buildings, b;tc. 



49 



lavish and costly. Some of the greatest living artists have been employed 
in the embellishments of the domes. The sculpture on the roofs attracts 
universal attention. The beautiful statue of Diana which swings as a 
weather vane above the central dome is one of the great attractions of 
the Exposition. No expense nor pains has been spared to make the Ag- 
ricultural building worthy in every particular of the mighty interests 
which it represents. See "Sculpture and Painting." 



but 



LIBERTY BELL REPRODUCTION. 

Pennsylvania section, Agricultural Building. 

The bell in the Pennsylvania agricultural exhibit is made of wheat, 
oats and rye. The crack in the original bell is deftly reproduced, 
little wisps of straw half cover it. Stalks of 
wheat are neatly plaited- at the top of the 
bell, and the sounding bow is composed of 
oats. The cereal bell is hung in a beautiful 
temple of natural products, which is sur- 
mounted by a cap made of multi-colored 
beans. The front of the booth is decorated 
in a novel manner. The arms of the State 
are represented on a huge picture made of 
beans. Two harnessed horses rampant, one 
white and one brown, support the shield on \\\\W 
^ach side. The amount of work represented V* 

in fastening the beans on the cloth in an ar- 
tistic and correct way must have been enor- 
mous. Flowers are also worked on this de- 
sign, the colors of the petals being shown in 
most delicate shadings. Above all rises a 
bust of William Penn, which is made, how- 
ever, of ordinary plaster. The Pennsylvania booth is not only pretty, 
but is an example of what human ingenuity can accomplish with what 
would seem materials of a not very plastic nature. 




AHERICAN CEREAL EXHIBIT. 

Main floor of Agricultural Building. 

Every State and Territory in the Union is represented by its pro- 
ducts. This display taken in connection with that of foreign countries 
practically gives the visitor an idea of the variety and perfection of the 
farm products of the world. The exhibits are arranged so that the visitor 
is able to take in at a passing glance their most interesting and instruc- 
tive features. Inform.ation regarding the name of the object exhibited, 
the name of the producer, where grown, character of the soil, date of 
planting, quantity of seed planted per acre, method of cultivation, date 
of harvesting, yield per acre weight, pri-^.e of product at nearest market, 
average temperature, and rain or snow rail by months between plant- 
ing and harvesting, and whether or act irrigation was employed, is given 
in connection with all exhibits. 



so YH:e GR^AY BUILDINGS, ETC. 

FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 

North end of Agricultural BuiLdiQg, main floor. 

Countries represented by beautiful pavilions are Great Britain, G-ef- 
many, France, Mexico, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Japan, Paraguay and 
Canada. Several other foreig-n countries make very creditable displays 
also. The space occupied ranges from 1,000 to 15,000 square feet. The 
foreign exhibits are very comprehensive, and many features exceedingly 
interesting and instructive to Americans are shown. 

SCHLITZ BREWING PAVILION. 

Main floor Agricultural Building. 

The pavilion proper is the interior of two immense beer tuns, entrance 
to which is through the end of one of the tuns. Four figures of heroic 
size are placed in the angles of the pavilion, and bear on their shoulders 
an immense globe resting on the top of the pavilion. The globe, on 
which is a map of the world, is encircled twice by a band of colored glass 
jewels, with prismatic faces. Blectric lights shine through these jewels 
from the interior of the big ball and produce a very brilliant effect. At 
each corner of the pavilion stand pedestals, surmounted by smaller globes 
of a design similar to the large one, each pedestal being constructed of 
kegs of ornamental pattern. Wherever possible the aid of the glass 
jewels has been employed to lend brilliancy to the pavilion. Small 
statues of Gambrinus dance on top of each of the small globes, and also 
form a procession around the base of the large globe. The interior of 
the pavilion would resemble in appearance a Grecian temple more than 
anything else, were it not for the dispelling effect of several things sug- 
gestive of the brewing business. Through the top of the white dome 
which rises into the globe a circular opening admits the light by day, and 
affords a means of illumination by night. The entire floor space, of 
course, is devoted to an exhibition of various grades of beer. 

EXPERIHENT STATION EXHIBIT. 

Southwest corner main floor, Agricultural Building. 

Here is represented the entire work of a modern Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, covering the whole field of experiment and research in 
crops, botany, horticulture, entomology, feeding stuffs, animal nutrition, 
dairy solids, milk testing and veterinary science, including an elaborate 
botanical, biological and chemical laboratory. 

MAP HADE OP PICKLES. 

Pennsylvania pavilion, Agricultural Building. 

Kxhibited by a Pennsylvania firm. Represents the United States, 
18 X 24, made entirely of pickles, vegetables, fruit, etc. The state lines 
are accurately shown, and the lakes and rivers are represented by vinegar. 
The larger cities are indicated by spices. The whole is covered by a sin- 
gle piece of plate glass. The expense of this interesting exhibit of the 
pickling and preserving industry was $15,000. 



me; GREAT BUII<DINGS, EJTC. 



PRIVATE EXHIBITS. 



Main floor and galleries, Agricultural Building. 



. Some of the most beautiful pavilions to be seen in the Exposition are 
to be found on the main floor of the Agricultural building-. These in- 
clude the foreign and State pagodas, as well as those erected by private 
exhibitors. It would be impossible here to name particular exhibits, but 
a walk of half an hour through the buildings will reveal to the visitor some 
of the most elegant and tasteful displays ever seen in this or any other 
country. The Agricultural department embraces all manufactures from 
products of the soil, and consequently everything in the nature of bread, 
biscuit, paste, starch, gluten, sugars, syrups, 
confectionery, preserved meats and food 
preparations, tea, coffee, spices, animal and 
vegetable fibres, pure and chemical waters, 
whiskies, cider, liqueurs and alcohol, malt 
liquors, etc., are shown by manufacturers, 
domestic and foreign. The great majority 
of the booths are of symbolic and artistic de- 
sign. A firm from. Cairo, Egypt, which man- 
ufactures cigarettes, has a handsome booth 
modeled on the architectural plan of an 
Egyptian temple, with sphinx and pyramids 
grouped about in artistic style. The panels 
of both the interior and exterior of the temple 
are covered with hieroglyphics of ancient 
Egypt. Further east a New York firm of to- 
bacco manufacturers has an exhibit which 
is striking in its artistic effect. The booth is 

modeled after the Corinthian style of architecture, except that the pillars 
are square instead of round. This was done in order that the pillars 
might have glass put in so as to show the many-colored varieties of smok- 
ing tobacco with which the columns are filled. The rest of the material 
of which the booth is constructed is red mahogany, highly polished and 
with gold trimmings. A cigar manufacturing firm, has a case which is 
made of a combination of highly polished mahogany and rosewood con- 
structed in the form of a truncated pyramid, with a globe resting on top 
with a miniature caravel representing the Pinta mounted on the globe. 
Two statues of Columbus carved in mahogany represent him first as peer- 
ing over a chart, and m the second pose as just having sighted land. A 
third statue in wood represents an American Indian in the attitude of a 
hunter. Around the main pyramid are small pillars of highly polished 
and beautifully veined marble with gold-mounted caps. Around the en- 
tire exhibit is a velvet rope stayed by polished brass posts. Coming to 
the more necessary products of the soil which have been put into more 
convenient form, for use through the agency of machinery, one of the first 
to attract attention is an old-fashioned country mill with water-wheel and 
millstones. The exhibit is made by a Duluth milling company which will 
have a very fine exhibit of flour made by modem roller process. The 




52 THE GREAT BUII,DINGS, ETC. 

millstones are only twenty-four inches in diameter, but show the marks 
of use as well as age. Probably the most interesting- exhibit on this floor, 
and one worth g^oing many miles to see, is a chocolate exhibit from New 
York. In a large, handsomely constructed booth, Mr. Maillard has set 
up statues of Venus, Minerva and Christopher Columbus, all cast in choco- 
late. There are two statues each of Venus and Minerva. The statue of 
Venus is modeled after the celebrated statue found at Milo. Both it and 
the statue of Minerva are wonderfully exact reproductions, the facial ex- 
pression being brought out as well as in the best reproductions in marble. 
The statue of Columbus is modeled after that carved by the sculptor 
Gaetano Russo, which was taken from the sixteenth century print of Col- 
umbus, and which now stands at Eighth Avenue and Fifty-ninth street 
in New York city. Another unique exhibit is a star-shaped pyramid of 
soap made by a Philadelphia firm. The pyramid rests on a thirteen-sided 
base which rises about two feet above the floor. On the faces of this 
pedestal are carved the names of the original thirteen States. On top of 
the pyramid is a statue in soap of the wom.an who made the original stars 
and stripes. She is represented in the attitude of sewing on the flag. On 
the base upon which the statue rests is the following explanation in raised 
letters : " Birth of our Nation's Flag." One cereal company has a booth 
of magnificent design, representing a sort of medieval castle with turret- 
like projections at the corners. In these turrets are miniature statues of 
Ceres. The display of the various products which they turn out is large 
and attractively arranged. 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEHENT EXHIBIT 

Main floor annex to Agricultural building. 

Here is shown every description of agricultural machinery including 
not only the best and most important now in use, but also such as indicate 
the progress of industry from primitive times to the present. 

STOCK PAVILION. 

'Location, south of Agricultural Building and near a station of the Intramural Railroad. 
The building represents a letter " T " in form ; dimensions 500 x 200 feet. 

On the first floor, near the main entrance of the building, is located 
a bureau of information. This floor also contains suitable committee and 
other rooms for the different live-stock associations. On this floor there 
are also large and handsom.ely equipped waiting-rooms. Broad stairways 
lead from the first floor into the Assembly-room, which has a seating 
capacity of 1,500. Farmers, Farmers' Alliances, and other rural organ- 
izations are provided for in this building. It was intended that the 
farmers should have nothing of which to Complain in regard to their recep- 
tion and treatment by the World's Fair management. The entire struc- 
ture has been so planned as to give the farmers and live-stock men gener- 
ally all they could ask in the way of accommodations at the World's Fair. 
The Assembly-room furnishes facilities for lectures, delivered by gentle- 
men eminent in their special fields of work, embracing every interest 
connected with live-stock, agriculture and allied industries. We are now 



THE GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 



S3 



practically beyond tlie pale of the main buildings. Standing on the east- 
ern side of the Stock Pavilion, you have a view of the Saw Mill and 
Machi tie Shops connected in the rear with the Machinery Building. If 




I<IVE STOCK PAVII^ION. 



you walk around to the eastern side, you are close to the Agricultural Im- 
plement exhibit, on the west bank of the South Pond. A little below is 
the Wind Mill exhibit, and at the southern end of the South Pond is the 
agricultural (outside) exhibit made by foreign nations. 

STOCK SHEDS. 

tiocation, extreme southern end of grounds, extending from the Lake Shore to the Rail- 
road terminals. 

Here may be found the exhibits of live-stock from all parts of the 
world. "West of the sheds are warehouses and a hotel for stock men. 
East of them are the great dairy barns, car house, power houses, etc. To 
the agricultural visitor, perhaps, this section of the EJxposition will have 
extraordinary interest. For the general visitor, however, this section 
will appear tame in comparison with the more northern portions. 

THE DAIRY BUILDING. 

Rear end of Agricultm-al building. 

Dimensions in feet, 100x200; area in acres, .5; cost, $30,000, The 
Dairy building, by reason of the exceptionally novel and interesting ex- 
hibits it contains, is quite sure to be regarded with great favor by World's 
Fair visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be considered one 
of the most useful and attractive features of the whole Exposition. It 
was designed to contain not only a complete exhibit of dairy products, 
but also a dairy school, in connection with which are conducted a 
series of tests for determining the relative merits of different breeds of 
dairy cattle as milk and butter producers. The building stands near the 
lake shore in the southeastern part of the park, and close by the general 
live stock exhibit. On the first floor besides office headquarters, there is 
in front a large open space devoted to exhibits of butter, and farther 



54 iChe; great buii^dings, etc. 

back an operating- room 25 x 100 feet, in which the model dairy is conduct- 
ed. On two sides of this room are amphitheatre seats capable of accom- 




THE DAIRY PAVIIvION. 

modating 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold 
storage rooms for the care of the dairy products. The operating-room, 
which extends to the roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese 
exhibits are placed. The rest of the second story is devoted to a cafe, 
which opens on a balcony overlooking the lake. The dairy school, it is 
believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. While 
in this vicinity the visitor may view the strange and wonderful exhibits 
surrounding the South Pond. Among these the most attractive are : The 
Spanish Caravels, the "Whaler " Progress," the Viking Ship, the Cliff - 
Dwellers exhibit, the Indian Encampment, the lyogging Camp, etc. 



ART DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OF FINE ARTS. 

Location, northern shore of North Pond, at tne head of the waterway system, main 
facade facing south and overlooking the North Pond and lagoon. Dimensions 320x500 
feet, with two annexes, an eastern and a western, of 120x200 feet, respectively ; height 
125 feet to top of dome. Cost $670,000. 

The building is oblong, intersected north, south, east and west by a 
great nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection 
of which is a great dome 60 feet in diameter. The building is 125 feet to 
the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal winged figure of 
Victory. The transept, lighted entirely from above, has a clear space of 
60 feet. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide, 24 feet above the floor. 
Sculpture is displayed upon the main floors of the naves and transept, 
and on the walls of the ground floors of both the galleries is ample space 
for the display of paintings and panels in bas-relief. The corners made 
by the crossing of the nave and transept are used for small picture gal- 
leries. Outside galleries 40 feet wide form a continuous promenade 
around the entire building. Between the promenade and the nave are 
small rooms devoted to private collections of paintings and various art 
displays. On either side are one-storied annexes, 120 x 200 feet. Grand 
flights of steps lead up to the richly sculptured great portals, and the 



the; great buii,dings, etc. 



55 



walls of the loggia of the colonnades are gorgeously adorned with mural 
paintings illustrating the history and progress of art. The exterior frieze 
and the pediments of the principal 
entrances are embellished by repro- 
ductions in statuary of the gems of 
ancient art. The construction of 
the entire building is necessarily 
fire-proof and the general tone is 
light grey stone. No wood is used, 
the materials being brick, staff, iron 
and glass. The very panes in the 
windows are set in iron frames. This 
structure of wondrous beauty and 
attraction is located at the south 
side of the most highly improved 
portion of the park, with the south 
front directly on the north lagoon. 
It is separated from the lagoon by 
beautiful terraces ornamented with 
balustrades, with an immense flight 
of steps. From themain portal there 
is a landing for boats. The north 
front faces the wide open lawn and 
the group of State buildings. The 
immediate neighbor hood of the 
building is ornamented with groups 

of statues, replicas, ornaments of the classic art, such as Choragic monu- 
ments, the ' Cave of the winds,'' and other beautiful examples of Grecian 
art. The ornamentation also includes statues of heroic and life-sized pro- 
portions. Within this building are exhibited the Fine Art Exhibits collected 
from every part of the civilized world. These are grouped as follows : Sculp- 
ture — figures and groups in marble ; casts from original works by modern 
artists, models and monumental decorations; bas-reliefs in marble or 
bronze ; figures and groups in bronze ; bronzes from circ perdue ; paint- 
ings in oil ; paintings in water colors ; paintings on ivory, on enamel, on 
metal, on porcelain or other wares ; fresco painting on walls ; engravings 
and etchings, prints, chalk, charcoal, pastel and other drawings ; antique 
and modern carvings ; engravings in medallionsor in gems ; cameos, in- 
taglios ; exhibits of private collections. The wall space demanded by the 
artists of Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain, 
Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, Russia, South America 
and all foreign countries as well as by the' artists of the United States, 
was so great that the chief of this department, at an early day, became 
fearful lest he should not be able to provide adequately for all. The 
buUding is, perhaps, the greatest Art Gallery ever constructed for such a 
purpose, but every inch of available space is occupied. 




The; great buiIvDings, etc. 



TROCADERO COLLECTION 

To tie seen in Art building. This magniflcent collection is to remain permanently in Chi- 
cago at the close of the World's Columbian Exposition It is to be housed in the new 
Art Institute, Lake front, opposite Adams street. 

Collection of casts, duplicating the reproductions of monumental work 
in the museum of comparative sculpture in the Palace of the Trocadero 
at Paris. The casts illustrate the growth and development of French 
sculpture, showing examples of Romanesque Gothic and Renaissance pro- 
ductions. This collection includes duplicates of most of the important 
reproductions in the Trocadero Palace, Paris. Some of the casts are of 
enormous size. The facade from the church of St. Gilles, is 41 feet long 
and 24 feet high. A tympanum from the portal of the Virgin of Notre 
Dame is 24 feet high and 18 feet wide. The portal from the Cathedral of 
Bordeaux is 38 feet high and equally as wide, and the gallery of Ivimoges 
Cathedral is 26 feet high, and 36 feet long. This collection contains re- 
productions of the most characteristic portions of the cathedrals and other 
famous French buildings from the 12th century to those of modern con- 
struction. Among them are the cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges, Paris, 
Rheims, Amiens, Lyons, Rouen, Laon, Bordeaux, Nantes, Seno, Beau- 
vais, Limoges and Tours, the churches of St. Gilles, St. Trophime at 
Aries, St. Martin at Brive, Notre Dame du Port, St Denis and St. Croix 
at Nievre, St. Maclou at Rouen, St. Nicholas at Troyes, the Chapel of St. 
Germer, the Hotel de Rohan at Paris, and the Palace of Versailles. The 
facade of the church of St. Gilles dates from the middle of the 12th cen- 
tury. Among the single figures in the collection which are worthy of at- 
tention is the famous " Christ of Amiens. " It stands in front of the pier 
in the central portal of the west front of the Cathedral. Another single 
figure of great attractiveness is that of the Virgin which stands in the 
pier of the doorway of St. Honore. There are reproductions of great 
beauty from nearly all of the ancient cities of France, from Versailles, 
and from Paris. . 

AMERICAN ART EXHIBIT. 

Northeastern part of building. 

The exhibit consists of 1,075 paintings of which New York contributed 
500, Boston 139, Philadelphia 112, Chicago 75, Paris 140, Florence and 
Rome 20, Munich 40, London 50. 

AMERICAN SELECT COLLECTION. 

Near American collection, main floor. 

These paintings are by foreign artists owned in the United States. 
Among those represented are Constable, Millet, Corot, Rosseau and Diaz. 
Among the most notable paintings are Fortuny's, " The Dead Toreador," 
and "The Beach at Portici"; the celebrated " Evening," owned by the 
Jay Gould estate, and " The Spy " by De Neuville. 



the; gre;ax buii^dings, etc. 




FIGURES PROM ADMINISTRATION AND AGRICUI,TURAI, BUII.DINGS. 



58 XHE GREAT BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 

CHICAGO PICTURES EXHIBITED. 

American section, Fine Art Building. 

Among the pictures contributed to the Fine Arts Building- by citizens 
of Chicago is one of Millet's, by Mrs. Henry Field, and " The I^ock " by 
Constable who was one of the earliest of the nineteenth century landscape 
painters. Other loans by Mrs. Field are "Going Home" by Troyon, 
"Woman in the Sahara" by Fromontin, " Song of the I^ark" by Jules 
Breton, and Knaus' "Potato Harvest." Three early Fnglish pictures, 
one by George Moreland, one by Constable, and a third by Bonington, 
are lent by R. Hall McCormick. From Martin A. Ryerson's collection 
are lent a fine Greuze, a Puvis de Chavannes, a small Corot, and an Al- 
gerian scene by Decamps. The only Italian picture in the collection 
comes from Robert A. Munger. It is Michetti's " Springtime and lyove." 
S. M. Nickerson's loan is Isabey's " Fete at Hotel Rombouillet." Potter 
Palmer sends to the Exposition one of the most famous pictures to be seen 
in the Fine Arts Palace. This is Corot's "Orpheus." Other pictures 
loaned by Mr, Palmer are "The Haymakers," by Bastien Ive Page, a 
Cazin, and a RafFaelli. Ten masterpieces by nineteenth century artists 
are lent by C. T. Yerkes, among them a Millet, a Rousseau, a Daubigny, 
and an Israels. 

ENGLISH ART EXHIBIT. 

Across the east court from American exhibit. 

Among the greatest paintings are: Frederick I^eighton — "Garden 
of Hesperide.-," "Hercules Wrestling with Death," "Perseus and Dro- 
meda"; Sir John Miller — "Halcyon Weather," " lyingering Autumn," 
"The Ornithologist "; Alma Tadema — "Dedication to Bacchus," "The 
Sculpture Gallery"; G. H. Mason — "Harvest Moon"; J. R. Wegnin — 
"The Maiden's Race"; G. F. Watts— "Love and Ivife," "Love and 
Death "; J. B. Burgess— "The Church Door"; N. P. Thrift— "The Race 
for Wealth"; David Murray — "The River Road"; Stanhope Forbes— 
"Forging the Anchor"; John lyinnell — "Storm at Harvest"; Frank 
Hall— "Portrait of Farl Spencer"; H. Stacey Marks— "The Gentle 
Craft"; Viscourt Cole — "Abingdon"; Professor Hirkimer — "The Last 
Master," "G. D. Leslie," "Hen and Chickens"; John Pettie — "Mon- 
mouth Pleading for his Life Before James II"; Bricon Riviere — "Daniel," 
"Magician's Doorway"; F. J. Pointer — "Under the Sea Wall"; Sir 
James Linton — "Victorious." Other artists who have one or more dis- 
plays are Henry Moore, J. M. Swan, John Bright, Henry Thorny Croft, 
Mrs. Alma Tadema, F. A, Waterlow, G. H. Barton, Henry Woods, Philip 
Caldern, S. F- Waller, Frank Dixey, H. W. B. Davis, Alfred Fast, Ons- 
low Ford, A. C. Gow, J. C. Horsley, R. W. McBeth, J. W. Horth, W. J. 
Orchardson and P. F. Poole. 

FRENCH ART EXHIBIT. 

In eastern pavilion. 

Among the great pictures exhibited are the "Conscripts,' the 
"Prisoner," "Fl Bravo Toro," "Capture of the Dutch Fleet," "Love's 
Captive," " Returning from the Vineyard." 



the; great buii^dings, etc. 



59 



GERMAN ART EXHIBIT. 

Northeast comer of building. 

Among- tlie great artists represented are Von Unde, Knauss, Mentzel, 
Barsch, Dessman, Kalloorg-h, Keller, Friese, Komer, Nermann, Sciter, 
Scitz, Karbina, Gieters, Oberlander and Kopping-. Germany occupies 
20,000 square feet of space and exhibits S80 pictures, all of them of tlie 
highest class. 

JAPANESE ART EXHIBIT. 

In gallery of building. 

Paintings on silk, rich lacquer and bronzes, carved ivory and all 
manner of artificial work, in various metals, curiosities of wood carving 
and inlaid work are shown. A very interesting exhibit. 

OTHER FOREIGN EXHIBITS. 

On main floor and galleries. 

Holland and Belgium make m.agnificent exhibits. Russian, Scandi- 
navian, Spanish, Danish and Italian painters are largely represented. 




FRONT VIEW OF COI,UMBIA FOUNTAIN. 



60 



THE GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 



ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OftELECTRICITY. 




MAIN PORTAL, PALACE OE ELECTRICITY. 



Location, between southern end of lagoon and Administration building. Main facade 
facing Court of Honor. Dimensions 345x690 feet; cost $401,000. 

The general scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave 
lis f eeet wide and 114 feet high crossed in the middle by a transept of the 
same width and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched roof, 
with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch, and clerestory win- 
dows. The rest of the building is covered with a flat roof, averaging 62 
feet in height, and provided with skylights. The second story is com- 
posed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, 
with access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the 
second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres. The exteriorwalls of this 
building are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 
feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, and 
resting upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls 
from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four corners of 
of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light open spire 
or tower 169 feet high. Intermediate between these corner pavilions and 



ran grsat btth^dings, etc. 61 

the central pavilions on the east and west sides, there is a subordinate 
pavilion bearing- a low square dome upon an open lantern. The Electrici- 
ty Building- has an open portico extending along-, the whole of the south 
facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. 
The various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. 
The details of the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, 
friezes, panels and spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief , 
with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illustrate 
the purpose of the building. The appearance of the exterior is that of 
marble, but the walls of the hemicyle and of the various porticos and 
log-gia are highly enriched with color, the pilaster in these places being- 
decorated with Scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effect in bronze. 
A g-reat statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in front of the entrance to 
this building. There are 40,000 panes of glass in this structure, or more 
than in any of the other buildings. The following- names appear over 
the different entrances : Franklin, G-alvani, Ampere, Faraday, Sturgeon, 
Ohm, Morse, Siemens, Davy, Volta, Henry, Obrsted, Coulomb, Ronald, 
Page, "Weber, Gilbert, Davenport, Soemmering, Don Silva, Arago, 
Daniell, Jacobi, Wheatstone, Gauss, Vail, Bain, De le Rive, Joule, Saus- 
sure, Cooke, Varley, Steinheil, Guericke, I^a Place, Channing-, Priestly. 
Maxwell, Coxe, Theles, Cavendish. It was concluded best not to honor 
thus any electricians who are now living. 

THE ELECTRICAL EXHIBITS. 

Til© electrical exhibits may be seen in the illumination of the grounds, in the motive 
power of the Intramural Railway, in the great electrical motors of the Power House 
as well as in the Electrical building itself. 

The United States very naturally occupies the greatest area of space, 
but foreign countries, notably France and Germany, have what may be 
justly termed immense exhibits. The space occupied by France and Ger- 
many covers an area of 23,000 square feet each. Fngland comes next 
and is followed by Spain, Cuba, Brazil and Canada. The great electrical 
monopolies of the United States, such as the Fdison, Brush, Thomson- 
Houston Companies occupy by far the greatest amount of space, but in- 
dividual exhibitors are numerous. The visitor will be particularly inter- 
terested in the group of electric motors showing the variety of systems 
and the latest improvements, appliances and applications of the force, as 
it is used in elevators, pumps, printing- presses and g-eneral machinery. 
The groups illustrating metallurgy and electric chemistry are very inter- 
esting. In these groups are shown the various methods of electrotyping-, 
electroplating, g-ilding and nickeling, and the separation of metals from 
their native ores or alloys. The method of forging, welding, stamping, 
or tempering metals by electricity is shown. A group is devoted to the 
electric telegraph, the electric signals, illustrating the system of trans- 
mitting and receiving, the latest invention in chronographs, annunci- 
ators, thermostats, fire alarm apparatus, police telegraph, burglar alarm 
and railroad signal apparatus. The appliances of the telephone, includ- 
ing cables, switch boards, receiving, transmitting and signal apparatus, 
and long distance systems, the phonograph, the telautograph and other 



62 



^^HE; GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC 



wonderful inventions for producing- sounds and articulate speech are il- 
lustrated ; a group is devoted to inventions showing the application of 
electricity in surgery, dentistry and therapeutics, including electric de- 
vices for the diagnosis of disease, and for the use of the electric current 
as a remedial agent. Here is also shown the electric apparatus for des- 
troying life, including the mechanism for inflicting capital punishment. 
There are groups showing all kinds of machines for producing electrical 
currents by mechanical power. These include dynamos, electric batteries 
and apparatus for electrical measurements and apparatus illustrating 
phenomena and laws of electricity and mechanism. The new Kimeto- 
graph, invented by Edison, which transmits scenes to the eye as well as 




ONE OF THE BRIDGES. 

sounds to the ear is shown. In this building may be seen the 1,500 horse 
power electric locomotive built for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Com- 
pany, numerous safety appliances, including an invention for the detec- 
tion of "thieves" and "pickpockets," and thousands of inaprovements of 
an interesting character in relation to the telegraph and telephone ser- 
vices. The Western Union and the Postal Telegraph companies make 
magnificent displays, as does the Bell Telephone Company. 



CURIOUS EXHIBITS. 

In the Electricity building. 

The great Electricity building is filled with curious exhibits of an 
electrical character. To the left as you enter from the north front a large 
circular space is devoted to phonographs, where one at the expense of a 
few coppers may amuse himself for an hour. The great telautograph, 
invented by Professor Gray, is am.ong the most novel of the exhibits. 
This is enclosed within a pavilion of its own. There are all sorts of 
strange contrivances to be seen along the main aisles and in the galleries. 
The visitor is advised to give a large share of his attention to the strange 
and beautiful exhibits with this hall. 



63 



THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 

ETHNOLOQICAL DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 

Location, southeastern end of grounds, just west of Forestry Building. Dimensions 415 
feet long by 825 feet wide. Ground floor contains 105,430 square feet for exhibit pur- 
poses, and 52,804 square feet in aisles, ofaces, lavatories, etc. 

This building- was erected for the purpose of accommodating' the 
overflow exhibits from, the I^iberal Arts department, and those of the Eth- 
nolog-ical department. In addition to the regular exhibits of the build- 
ing here are to be found those of the Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation, 
and of the Bureau of Charities and Corrections, both of which are ex- 
ceedingly interesting. Several exhibits mentioned independently belong 
to the department of E^thnology. These include the Convent of I^a Rabida, 
the Cliff Dwellers exhibit, the Spanish Caravels, the whaling ship " Pro- 
gress," the Viking Ship, etc., etc. 

SANTA HARIA 
Exhibited in South Pond, Ethnological Department. 

Constructed under authority of the Spanish government, and under 
the supervision of a council composed of the most expert officers and en- 
gineers of the Spanish navy, which council prepared a list of questions 
as to the character of the vessel in which Columbus made his great voyage 
of discovery. These questions were answered by the most learned men 
of Spain. Curious documents were unearthed, libraries were searched, 
and everything concerning sea-life in the writings of early historians 
was carefully studied. Calculations to determine the strength, sailing 
capacity, height of masts, details of rigging, and extent of sail of the 
Santa Maria were made by Senor Bona, head of the naval construction 
department of Spain, and finally the order was given to begin the work 
of reconstruction. The keel of the new Santa Maria was laid April 22, 
1892, in the navy yard of Caracca, near Cadiz. Two months later the 
queer looking craft was launched, and to the great delight of the builders, 
it was found that the vessel's draught was 4 feet 10 inches, precisely ac- 
cording to calculations. She is 74 feet 2 inches long and 25 feet 7 inches 
in beam.. Her depth at the center or main deck is 13 feet 5 inches, in- 
creased to 16 feet at the bow, and 26 feet 10 inches at the stern, by high 
upper works. These measurements are believed to be exactly those of 
the original caravel. There are three masts, fitted with strange rigging, 
and a considerable area of canvas. The armament consists of two 
cannon and six falconets. The furniture of the cabins is like that of the 
ancient ship, which was fully described by Columbus. On August 3, 1892, 
the Santa ' Maria took part in the great Spanish naval review at Palos, 
commemorative of the sailing of Columbus. She left Cadiz to follow Col- 
umbus' old tracks to the West Indies, February 11th, in tow of a Spanish 
gunboat, r Together with the Pinta and the Nina, the two small caravels 
of the Columbus fleet, which were also reproduced by order of the govern- 
ment, the Santa Maria was one of the most interesting features of the New 
York Naval display which preceded the formal opening of the World's Fair. 



«4 



The; grs;at buii<dings, KTC. 




GROUPS FROM THE COURT OF HONOR. 



the; great buildings, etc. 6* 

After the review the three vessels were towed to Chicago by way of the 
Erie canal and the great lakes. 

THE VIKING SHIP. 

ExMMted in South Pond, Ethnological department. 

An exact reproduction made by order of the Norwegian government 
of a vessel 1,000 years old. This craft is similar in all particulars to those 
used by the Norsemen in their raids upon Great Britain and Ireland, and 
is supposed to be a f ac-simile of the ship lycif Bricsson commanded when 
he landed upon the coast of Vinland. The original Viking ship from 
which the reproduction is made was discovered in a burial mound at 
Gokstad in 1889. To Captain Magnus Andersen belongs the honor o^ 
first having broached the suggestion of building an exact copy of the 
vessel with the idea of sending it to the Columbian Exposition. This 
idea was very favorably received in Norway, and a national subscription 
to defray the expenses of the undertaking was immediately brought 
about. Eleven of the oldest and and most experienced sea captains in- 
spected the model and were of the unanimous opinion that the voyage of 
the reproduced " Viking " could be made in safety. The work of building 
the ship began at once ; she was launched at Sandef jord in the spring of 
1893. The prow is adorned by a colossal, superbly carved drag- 
on's head, and the stern with an equally handsome dragon's tail. Both 
these ornaments are finished in burnished gold. Around the outside of 
the bulwark are rows of embellished shields of great beauty and almost 
amidships rises a roofing painted in red and white stripes. This served 
the great vikings against wind and wave. Astern stands a massive 
"high seat " for the chief or jarl. This chair, or rather throne, is carved 
with Runic inscriptions in old Norse style. The vessel is open with the 
exception of a small deck fore and aft. There are two water-tight com- 
partments where the men on watch may take refuge during rough 
weather. The rigging is very simple, one mast, which can be taken 
down, and one yard. But the vessel is not altogether dependent on its 
sail. During a calm the vikings seize their mighty oars. On each side 
below the shields are sixteen holes for oars, and along the inside are 
benches for the rowers. The rudder is, after the custom of the old sea 
kings, carried on the right side of the vessel. The builder, Mr. Christen- 
sen, took great pains in making this a masterpiece of the shipbuilder's art. 
The vessel is 76 feet in length and rather broad for its length. The nu- 
merous shields, painted in yellow and black, while the magnificent drag- 
on's head is in burnished gold, form a most striking and artistic effect. 

CONVENT OF LA RABIDA. 

Location, southeastern end of grounds. Lake Shore, just below Casino. 

It may be remembered that early in 1492 Columbus, while trav- 
eling on foot in a destitute condition, applied for food at the Fran- 
ciscan convent of Ea Rabida in Spain, and was kindly and hos- 
pitably received. The prior of the institution. Father de Marchena, 
was a man not only of education and culture, but of large influence with 
Queen Isabella. Columbus explained his plans for the discovery of the 



66 



THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 



new continent to the prior, who became interested, and secured for him a 
reception at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, who were then in camp 
with the beseiging- army in front of Grenada. There is little doubt but 
that for the timely assistance of the good Abbot, Columbus would have 
completely failed in his efforts to secure assistance to discover the new 
world, as he had previously failed in his endeavors to obtain aid from the 
governments of Spain and Portugal. The fac-simile erected here 
cost $50,000. This quaint structure is filled with some of the most 
interesting and valuable exhibits to be seen at the World's Fair. 
Here may be found the first complete collection of " Columbiana " (or lit- 
erature connected with the life and discoveries of Columbus ) ever collect- 
ed- Letters written to Columbus by Queen Isabella, and letters from the 
great discoverer and his son are among the curiosities. The exhibit cou- 







CONVENT OF LA RABIDA. 



sists of original Columbus manuscripts, autographs, and documents, 
worth their weight in gold, priceless copies of the earliest printed books 
relating to America, numbering over 100, together with quaint maps and 
charts of the newly discovered country, portraits of Columbus, models 
and photographs of statues and monuments of him, pictorial representa- 
tions of all the spots and places identified with his life and death, and 
many miscellaneous relics and souvenirs of the dauntless explorer. The 
whole is the result of three years of hard labor on the part of W. K. 
Curtis, Director of the Bureau of American Republics and Chief of the 
I^atin-American Department of the Fair. He first suggested the idea of 
such an exhibit, and has since carried it into execution and to success. 
To produce it he and his associates had to visit Spain and Italy and ran- 
sack all the libraries and museums of the old world, including the Papal 
archives in the Vatican. They have had to trace the footsteps of Colum- 
bus in the islands and on the continent of America, and patiently ex- 
amine and secure all the portable vestiges of him that remain — first 
ascertaining the existence of the treasures, locating their whereabouts 
one by one, and begging, borrowing, or buying them and transporting 
them here. Among the priceless Columbus manuscripts and documents 
secured are the original contracc with the sovereigns of Spain, under 
which Columbus' first voyage to America was made ; his commission as 



the; gre;at buii.dings, etc. 67 

"Admiral of the Ocean Seas"; his correspondence with. Ferdinand and 
Isabella before and after his immortal discovery, besides a host of other 
invaluable papers relating- to the discovery and early exploration of 
America, loaned by the Spanish Government, and the living- descendants 
of Colum.bus in Spain. Then, there are original copies of the first publi- 
cations touching the New world, and equally interesting maps and charts 
obtained from the Vatican at Rome^ from the library of the British Mu- 
seum in I^ondon, the French National lyibrary at Paris, and the Spanish 
National Library at Madrid, as well as the lyibrary of Congress at "Wash- 
ington, and from liberal-minded collectors and bookworms in the United 
States and abroad. 

COLUMBUS BELL. 

In Convent of La Rabida. 

Exhibited by the congregation of a little negro church at Haley ville, 
Cumberland county, N. J. This bell has for years called them to Church. 
In the year 1445 the bell, it is said, hung in one of the towers of the famous 
mosque of the Alhambra. After the siege of Grenada, the bell was taken 
away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to Queen Isabella, who in 
turn presented it to Columbus, who brought it to America on his fourth 
voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish monks, who placed it 
in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the Island of New Grenada. In 1697 
Buccaneers looted Carthagena and carried the bell on board the French 
pirate ship I^a Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of St. 
Andreas shortly afterward, and the wreckers secured the bell as part of 
their salvage. Captain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to 
this country, and presented it to the colored congregation of the Haley- 
ville church. The bell weighs 64 pounds and is of fine metal. 

FIRST MAP OF THE WORLD. 

In Convent of La Rabida. 

The first map of the world ever made is exhibited in the convent. It 
is known as the Diege Ribere map, and was begun in 1494 and finished in 
1529. It belongs to the Vatican library. It begins with the Molucca 
group and ends with the other half. The Nile is traced to three lakes. 
Russia and Siberia are put down as barren and unknown countries. 
America makes a showy appearance with Yucatan, Brazil and New Spain 
distinctly indicated, the north terminating with lyabrador. 

RELICS OP FIRST CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 

In Convent of La Rabida. 

On the steps leading to the altar are six roughly hewn blocks of stone, 
which are all that remains of the first Christian Church on the Western 
Hemisphere. Columbus founded a city and called it Isabella, after his 
patron. It was on the hills overlooking Isabella Bay, on the north shore 
of the Island of San Domingo. Three buildings were erected, a house for 
the Governor, a warehouse and a church. The last was put up under the 
direction of a Benedictine monk named Bernard Boyle. This was in 1494, 
and the buildings were destroyed sooa after, Near these blocks are two 



68 TH:e GREAT BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 

bells, one of whicli was given to Columbus by King- Ferdinand, and it is 
the first bell that was ever rung- in America. It is badly broken and 
weighs only about ten pounds ; the other is almost twice as large, and 
was given by Pope Alexander II to the church in Carthagena, in Colum- 
bia, in 1516. 



VATICAN COLLECTION. 

In Convent of La Rabida. 

The main part of the altar in the Convent is filled with the Vatican 
collection sent here by the Pope. It contains the pictures and the history 
of the wooden figure of the Virgin made by 
St. lyuke in the original monastery of La Ra- 
bida. Tradition says that when the Moors 
invaded Spain, this image was taken down 
and thrown into the water, where it lay for 
many years, or until discovered by the Chris- 
tians. The Vatican collection contains many 
ancient and invaluable documents, souve- 
nirs, relics, etc. 

CURIOUS THINGS. 

Convent of La Rabida. 

Among the curiosities in the Columbus 
collection to be found in the Convent of I^a 
Rabida are gold coins made from the first 
gold found in America. They are larger 
than the silver dollar of to-day. On either 
side of the Convent are long lines of show 
cases, made of steel and heavy plate glass, 
in which are displayed the wonderful collec- 
tion of documents loaned by the Spanish 
VATICAN GUARD. government. 




ESQUIMAU VILLAGE. 

Located just within and north of the 57th street entrance on the shore of the North Pond. 

It consists of a Moravian chapel and twelve huts occupied by 61 
natives of Ivabrador, — men, women and children. The native dogs, 
sledges, tools and implements are shown. The people demonstrate their 
domestic life, and manufacture and sell goods. The m.en give exhibitions 
oi skill in handling canoes on the water of the pond. An extra fee is 
charged for admission to this village. This exhibit properly belongs to 
the Ethnological department. 



POPULAR FEATURES. 

To be seen on grounds and in South Pond near Anthropological Building. 

American Indians with their canoes, huts, etc., are to be found here. 
There are strange cabins and old buildings collected from South Ameri- 
can countries. The Indians cook, make trinkets, etc., for sale. The 



the; gr^at buii<dings, etc. 69 

lyong' House of the six nations of the Iroquois is shown here. There is 
also an interesting collection from Alaska, including- canoes, etc. 

CLIFF DWELLER'S EXHIBIT. 

Near Anthropological Building. 

The home of the Cliff and Cave Dwellers is shown in an artificial 
mountain which is an exact reproduction of Battle Rock mountain in Col- 
orado. It has the appearance of solid rock. Inside the visitor will be 
subjected to various illusions. There are caverns containing- utensils 
and ornaments found in the original site. The exhibit is a very interest- 
ing one. An admission fee is charged. 

YUCATAN RUINS. 

Near Anthropological Building. 

These are among the most interesting exhibits of the Ethnological 
department. Tlie central structure is from the ruined group of I^abna, 
showing the I^abnaporto. There are reproductions of Uxmal, the "House 
of the Governor," "Serpent House," and "House of Nuns," etc. 

nOUND BUILDERS. 

In Anthropological Building and outside. 

The States of the Union contributed various evidences of prehistoric 
civilizations from the mound excavations of the United States. Ohio 
furnishes, perhaps, the best display of these wonderful relics. Nearly all 
of the western states are represented. 

GRECIAN EXHIBIT. 

Main Floor Anthropological Building. 

This includes valuable specimens of Grecian art and archaeology, the 
latter consisting of gods, godesses, and many other idolatrous works of 
the most ancient period of Grecian history. 

SPANISH EXHIBIT. 

Ground Floor Anthropological Building. 

This occupies the largest space of any foreign country in this build- 
ing. The exhibit embraces the interesting collection shown at the recent 
Spanish exposition. 

PEARY RELICS. 

Loaned by Lieut. Peary, the Arctic explorer. Exhibited in the Ethnological department. 

Consisting of boats, tents, tent ropes, native costumes and implements 
brought back as souvenirs of the explorer's trip to the Arctic regions. 

"ADAH AND EVE." 

Exhibited in Anthropological Building. 

This exhibit is made by Professor Sargent, of Harvard University. 
It represents the forms of two human figures, male and female, modeled 



70 



The great BUIIvDINpS, ETC. 



after measurements of more than 25,000 American subjects. Over sixty 
measurements of eacii individual were made, from which composite 
figures were produced for the figures which were then modeled into clay. 
The result is said to be a perfect type of American manhood and woman- 
hood. They are called Adam and Eve. 



INDIAN EXHIBIT. 

On grounds and in pond near Anthropological Building. 

These are shown in groups, beginning with the Esquimau from the 
extreme north. Representatives are shown here of the Cree family from 
the Canadian northwest ; Haida, and Fort Rupert tribes from British 
Columbia ; Iroquois from the eastern States ; Chippewas, Sioux, Menomi- 

n e e s and Winnebago 
tribes from the middle 
and n'thwestern States ; 
Choctaws from Louisi- 
ana ; Apaches and Nav- 
ajos from New Mexico 
Ebnd Arizona ; Coahuilas 
from Southern Califor- 
nia, and the Papagos 
and Yakuis from the ex- 
treme southern border of 
the United States and 
Mexico. 

PRISON EXHIBIT. 

In Anthropological building. 

A comprehensive ex- 
pose of the devices and 
methods employed for 
inflicting punishment 
from the beginning of 
history to the present 
time, and showing the 
progress which human- 
ity has made in the qual- 
ity of" mercy. To be 
seen in the Anthropo- 
logical building. The 
cells of the Mamertine 
prison where St. Paul 
was confined ; the dun- 
geons of the Inquisition; 
the tomb of the Bastile, 
and the torched cham- 
bers of Oriental barbar- 
ism are all pictured 
WATER tJNCONTROi,i,ED. with an unquestioned 




THE GREAT BUII.DINGS, ETC. 71 

reality. The Nuremberg collection embraces a wonderful array of old- 
time instruments of torture. The revolving- prison is a wooden device, 
and it is claimed for it that it absolutely protects prison officers 
from danger of assault by the inmates, while as surely prevent- 
ing the remotest possibility of escape Ten cells are formed in a 
circular prison, somewhat as if there were slices cut symmetrically 
from a cheese. The dividing walls and the floors are of iron. A 
wall is built around the whole affair. "Within it the circular, cellular 
contrivance revolves slowly, the idea being that no convict can work 
for any length of time on any one part of the wall which stands be- 
tween him and liberty. The revolution goes on only at night, and is so 
slow as to cause no discomfort. Here may also be found a very interest- 
ing collection of pictures, dealing with methods of punishment in Chinese 
prisons. They show some methods of tying up the offenders, which are 
original and remarkable. The milder punishments used in modern 
prisons are shown with perfect fidelity to the facts. The appliances of 
capital punishment — the rope, the axe and the electric chair — are there 
for the contemplation of the visitor. 

ARRAWAK INDIANS. 

Ethnological department. 

These come from British Guiana, They live in thatched huts in the 
outside exhibit. 

BOLIVIAN INDIANS, 

In the Ethnological department are exhibited eighteen Bolivian Indians. 

Among them is one of the largest men in the world, nine feet ten inch- 
es in height, 418 pounds in weight. He is 25 years of age. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA INDIANS. 

Exhibited in the Ethnological display. 

They resemble the Japanese, to some extent. Simple in their modes 
of life, farmers as well as hunters, religious in their tendencies, and trust- 
ful of all men they are a strong contrast to the Sioux and Apaches. 

FRESH AIR EXHIBIT. 

In the Department of Charities and Corrections, Anthropological building. 

An exhibit of the Daily News Fresh Air fund, showing the work 
among poor city children and sick babies. In the exhibit are photographs 
of the Sanitarium in lyincoln Park, descriptive charts, etc. It is probable 
that babies will be shown in hammocks, baby carriages, etc., to illustrate 
the workings of the Sanitarium. 



72 



TH« GR^AT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 



FISH AND FISHERIES DEPARTHENT. 



PALACE OF FISHERIES. 

Location, eastern side of Large islands nortli of Wooded Island in the lagoon, main 
facade facing tlie southeast, directly opposite the Government building. Dimen- 
sions 165x365 feet; wings, dimensions 135 feet (diameter) ; cost $284,000. 

While the extreme dimensions of the building- are very large, yet the 
structure is so laid out that the general effect is rather of delicacy than of 
grandeur to be expected from the mere standpoint of dimensions. It is 
composed of three parts, a main building and two polygonal buildings, 
connected with the main structure by two curved arcades. The main 
building is provided with two great entrances in the centers of the long 
sides. These entrances are by pavilions 102 feet long, projecting 41 feet 
beyond the line of the main building, and flanked at each corner with cir- 
cular towers. The great pediment over the south or chief entrance is 
filled with sculpture, the subject being a scene of whale fishing. The 
angles are surmounted by statues representing fishers casting the spear, 
throwing the handline and holding the finny prey. The quadrangular 
first story is surmounted bj^ a great second circular story capped with a 
conical roof. A graceful open turret crowns this roof and four smaller 
towers spring from and surround the base. The general design of the 
whole structure is Rotnan in masses with all the details worked out in a 
realistic manner after various fish and marine forms. Thus the double 
row of engaged columns which form the exterior face of the building 
have capitals which are formed of a thousand varied groupings of marine 

forms, while the delicate open 
work of the gallery railings 
displays as many different 
fishes. The circular story is 
surrounded by a broad exte- 
rior gallery, and the four flank- 
ing towers of the entrances 
and the four smaller towers 
of the central roof terminate 
in open turrets, from all of 
which views of every part of 
the grounds can be obtained. 
^ The materials of construction 
are wood, iron and steel, 
" staff " and glass. The roofs 
are covered with glazed Span- 
ish tiles and the general col- 
oring of the building is at 
once soft and brilliant as be- 
fits the grace of the architec- 
tural lines. Everything that 
science has rescued from the 
depths of ocean, sea, lake or 
river, is displayed at the fisher- 




A BIT Olf THE FISHERIES 



THE GREAT BUII.DINGS, ETC. 



73 



ies exhibit. Inhabitants of deep sea grottoes ; the coral animal — 
builder of islands and continents ; sea anenaones, that blossom miles 
below the surface of the ocean ; monstrous devil fish, sharks, and other 
terrors of the deep, are seen, 
beside the speckled beauties 
of stream or lake, the plebe- 
ian catfish, perch and sucker, 
suggestive of the boyish an- 
gler and shallow stream. 
From ocean depths are brought 
specimens of subaqueous life 
so marvelously delicate and so 
richly beautiful that the mi- 
croscope will only reveal in 
part their wondrous beauty 
and film.-like tracery. The 
methods, too, by which the 
mysteries of the deep are pen- 
etrated, the inventions by 

which the finny tribe is cultured, the wonderful progress made in the art 
of fish farming, in addition to the implements of commercial fishing and 
the latest tackle for angling — all these are displayed to their fullest extent. 




ARCHES IN THE FISHERIES. 



AQUARIAL OR LIVE FISH DISPLAY. 

In the Fisheries building. 

Not the least interesting portion of the exhibits is the aquarial or live 
fish display. This is contained in a circular building, 135 feet in diame- 
ter, standing near one extremity of the main fisheries building, and in a 
great curved corridor connecting the two in the center of the circular 
building is a rotunda 60 feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin 
or pool about 26 feet wide from which arises a towering mass of rocks 
covered with moss and lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks 
crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes and 
ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous 
gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench, and other fishes disport. From the 
rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed. These 
are ten in number, and have a capacity of 7,000 to 27,000 gallons of water. 



THE GREAT CORRIDOR OR GALLERY. 

In the Fisheries Building. 

Passing out of the rotunda by the entrances a great corridor or gallery 
is reached where on one hand may be viewed the opposite side of the series 
of great tanks, and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, rang- 
ing from 750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is 
about fifteen feet wide. The entire length of the glass fronts of the 
aquaria is about 575 feet, or over 3,000 square feet of surface. The total 
water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18725 cubic feet, 
or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of 
this amount about 40,000 gallons are devoted to the marine exhibit. In the 



14 



The; grejat buii,dings, ktc. 



entire salt water circulation, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 
g-allons. It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the upper 
part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty is made of 
supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken from the water. 

FORESTRY DEPARTHENT. 

PALACE OF FORESTRY. 

Extreme southeastern portion of grounds, on the shore of Lake Michigan. Can be reached 
by Intramural Railway, or by boat. 

Dimensions in feet, 208 x 528 ; area in acres, 2.5 ; cost $100,000. The 
Forestry building is, perhaps, the most unique of all the Ejxposition struc- 
tures. To a remarkable degree its architecture is of the rustic order. On 
all four sides of the building is a veranda, supporting the roof of which is 
a colonnade consisting of a series of columns composed of three trunks, 
each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and 
and the others smaller. All of these trunks are left in their natural state, 
with bark undisturbed. They are contributed by the different States and 
Territories of the Union and by foreign countries, each furnishing speci- 
mens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of the building are con- 
structed of slabs with the bark removed. The window frames are treated 
in the sam.e rustic manner as the rest of the building. The main entrance 
is elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material and work- 
manship being contributed by the wood workers of the world. The other 
entrances are finished artistically to represent the woods of the different 
countries and regions. The roof is thatched with tanbark and other 
barks. The interior of the building is finished in various woods in a way 
to show their beautiful graining and susceptibility to polish. The For- 
estry building contains a most varied exhibition of forest products in 




^ 



liiiliiiiiiB 







■ip;:^^ „ 

paiiiiiiiii 




THE GREAT BUII,DINGS, ETCc 



75 



g-eneral — the most complete which could be gathered. It contains logs 
and sections of trees, worked lumber in the form of shingles, flooring, cas- 
ing, etc. There are shown here dye woods and barks, mosses, galls, ab- 
normal woody products, lichens, vegetable substances used for bedding 
and upholstery, gum^s, resins, vegetable ivory, cocoanut shells, gourds, 
wood pulp, rattan, willowware and woodenware generally, such as pails, 
tubs, brooms, etc. There is also an exceedingly interesting monographic 
display by the different States, in which their characteristic woods are 
most effectively and beautifully shown. In itself and in the exhibits it 
contains it illustrates the forestry wealth of the world, and particularly 
of the United States. No forestry display was ever made before which 
approaches this in extent or completeness. 



HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OF HORTICULTURE. 

Location, south of Woman's building, opposite lagoon and Wooded Island, running 
directly north, and south. Dimensions 250x298 feet, with eight greenhouses 24x100 
feet each. Cost $335,000. 




MAIN PORTAI, PAI^ACE OF H0RTICUI,TURE. 



In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for 
nympheas and the victoria-regia. The front of the terrace, with its low 
parapet between large vases, borders the water and at its center forms a 
boat landing. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each 
connected to the center pavilion by front and rear curtains, forming two 
interior courts, each 88x270 feet. These courts are beautifully decorated 
in color and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The center 
pavilion is roofed by a crystal dom.e 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet 



76 THE GREAT BUIIyDINGS, ETC. 

high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, bamboos and tree 
ferns that could be procured. There is a gallery in each of the pavilions. 
The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, the situation 
and surroundings being particularly well adapted to recreation and re- 
freshment. These cafes are surrounded by an arcade on three sides, 
from which charming views of the grounds may be obtained. In this 
building are varieties of flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural im- 
plements, etc. Those exhibits requiring sunshine and light are shown 
in the rear curtains, where the roof is entirely of glass and not too far 
removed from the plants. The front curtains and under the galleries are 
designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of light. 
Porvision is made to heat such parts as require it. The exterior of the 
building is in staff or stucco, tinted a soft warm buff, color being reserved 
for the interior and the courts. One of the beautiful effects produced in 
this building comes from the miniature mountain, seventy feet high in 
the center, upon which giant tree ferns, palms and other vegetation 
grow. A mountain stream down from one declivity to another plays hide 
and seek amidst the foliage. Beneath this mountain is a "Crystal Cav- 
ern," admission to which is free. 

DISPLAY OP FOLIAGE. 

In Horticultural building. 

Perhaps never before in the nistory of the world, has such a varied 
and wonderful display of foliage, native, foreign, semi-tropical and 
tropical, been made under the roof of one building. The specimens of 
palm and cacti are so numerous and various that they would in them- 
selves form a wonderful horticultural exhibition. The wings stretching 
out north and south from the great dome, together with the immense 
annex, are filled with the rarest and most beautiful specimens the world 
produces. Horticultural Hall could not properly be described in a volume 
four times the size of this little book. Nearly all of the trees, the foli- 
age, etc., are plainly marked, so that the visitor will not be confused or 
left in ignorance as to the character of the exhibits. 

PANSY BEDS. 

Main entrance to Horticultural building. 

There is a magnificent display of pansies on either side of the main 
entrance. This display is intended to exhibit the wonderful progress 
made during recent years in the devopment of pansies. The visitor will 
notice that not only have they attained a wonderful growth, but that in 
their growth they have been made to preserve their beauty of color and 
tint. 

THE PALM MOUNTAIN. 

Beneath dome of Horticultural building. 

This mountain rises before the visitor as he enters the main portal. 
It is wonderfully realistic. Such a collection of foliage would be impos- 
sible in any part of the world. It is a collection of plants from nearly 
every clime. The palms and cacti are particularly attractive to visitors. 



the; great BUII.DINGS, ETC. 



77 



On the outer edge, northern curve, may be seen a large number of cen- 
tury plants, some of which will bloom during the Exposition. 

THE CRYSTAL CAVERN. 

Beneath mountain in dome of Horticultural building. 

This cavern may be entered from the northeast side of the mound. 
It is studded with crystals from the famous mammoth cave of South Da- 
kota. There is a complete passage beneath the mountain. Souvenirs 
are sold here. 



OREGON PRESERVES. 

Southern section of Horticultural building. 

These form a beautiful display. In great glass jars three feet in 
height are pears that weigh four pounds. Cherries, berries, apples, 
peaches, plums, all of a like size and freshness of appearance constitute 
the exhibit. Charcoal, sulphur and cin- 
namon are used to keep them in good 
condition. In addition to this there are 
several carloads of fresh fruit exhibited 
from this State. 

TOWER OF ORANGES. 

North end of Horticultural building, 

Erected by the Southern California 
Association. It is 30 feet high and 5 feet 
in diameter. On top is a stuffed eagle. 
The base is square, with arches on each 
side. Navel oranges are at the bottom, 
and the smaller oranges are used toward 
the top. Visitors who can guess the 
number of oranges in the tower will be 
presented with a box of Navel oranges. 
A box at the base is provided into which 
guesses may be dropped. The visitor 
may leave his name and address. 




THS orange; TOWER. 



ON THE PLAISANCE. 

The California, French and other 
out-door exhibits on Midway Plaisance 

Here is also shown the Cranberry Marsh and the 
weed exhibit. 



are worthy of a visit. 
" Orange Judd Farmer ' 



CUT FLOWERS. 

Horticultural building. 

Flowers may be purchased in the Horticultural building in any quan- 
tity. They are cut daily. 



78 Vhe great buii,dings, etc. 

TULIP DISPLAY. 

Horticultural building. 

The display of tulips, domestic and foreign, is a g-org-eous one. The 
celebrated tulips of Holland are exhibited in profusion. 

WINE EXHIBIT. 

North pavilion Horticultural building. 

The great wine growers of America, particularly thoce of California 
are represented here. A magnificent exhibit is made by Senator Iceland 
Stanford's agents. In this exhibit a fountain which shoots wine may be 
seen. 

CITRUS DISPLAY. 

In annex to Horticultural building, left of aisle, after passing around the dome. 

This display is made by the Citrus Association of Southern Califor- 
nia. It is the most magnificent exhibit of semi-tropical fruit ever made. 

THE ORCHID DISPLAY. 

In Horticultural building. 

There are 16,000 varieties of orchids displayed beijeath the glass roof 
of this building. Their value foots up among the hundreds of thousands. 

niSSOURI'S DISPLAY. 

In annex of Horticultural building, to the right of aisle, after passing around dome. 

Among the many displays made by the different States of the Union, 
none is more remarkable nor more beautiful than that made by the State 
of Missouri. It attracts general attention. 



MACHINERY DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OP MECHANIC ARTS. 

Location, south of -lagoon, and diagonally opposite Administration Building, at the 
western extremity of Court of Honor. 

This building approaches the gorgeous in architecture and the gen- 
eral effect of the exterior ornamentation is magnificent. The main build- 
ing is 850 feet long and 350 feet broad. The interior looks like three large 
train houses side by side, each spanned by arched iron trusses 125 feet 
long, and 50 feet on centers. Outside of the main hall there is an immense 
annex, opening directly into the main building. In each of the four cor- 
ners there is a domed pavilion with a grand staircase. The main en- 
trances are on the north and east sides, and ends of the m.ain hall and 
annex. The power plant is on the south of the main building in a one 
story structure, which runs the whole length of the building. «j The pic- 
ture and ornamental work of the exterior shows the purpose of the build 
ing, the statues and portraits representing the mechanical forces of great 



THS GRiEAT BUII,DINGS, ETC. 79 

inventors. The Centennial exposition created an epoch in machinery ex- 
hibits at international fairs. Compared with the Centennial exposition 
the machinery exhibit of the world's fair is full of surprises. While the 
area of exhibits for machinery has been increased — it was about fourteen 
acres at the Centennial and is about sixteen acres at the present time — 
the amount of available space for domestic exhibits is somewhat less. At 
the Centennial there were 337,000 square feet devoted to American ex- 
hibits. At the World's Fair there are 220,000 square feet given to Am.eri- 
can exhibitors. But while domestic exhibits have been curtailed in space 
the World's Fair management has been generous toward foreign ex- 
hibitors. At Philadelphia the various foreign governments occupied all 
told 83,000 square feet of space. At Jackson Park they have a gross space 
of about 175,000 square feet. Other comparisons with 1876 are still more 
striking. At the Centennial Machinery Hall the main power plant was 
a Corliss engine 50x50 feet. At Jackson Park there is an electric power 
plant of 20,000 horse power, covering an area of 112,000 square feet. At 
the Centennial there were a number of annexes outside of the regular 
machinery exhibit which contained many exhibits of machinery in opera- 
tion. At Jackson Park the entire machinery exhibit is massed together, 
and the limit has made it a more select exhibit than of any previous fair. 
Between three and four hundred applicants for space were turned away, 
although their exhibits would have been up to the standard of 1876. 

THE GREAT EXHIBITS. 

Machinery Hall. 

The development of motors for the transmision of power is illustrated 
by the most magnificent engines, boilers and pumps ever constructed. 
The modern science of fire fighting has its demonstration in every variety 
of fire engines, hose carts, escapes, stand pipes and chemical apparatus 
that has been evolved by the brains of veteran fire fighters. Machinists' 
small tools, and the immense steel hammers and trip hammers for forg- 
ing and working metals are shown in all the more recent devices. Won- 
derful machines for the manufacture of textile fabrics and clothing are 
shown. L/ithograph, zincography and color printing, photo-mechanical 
and other mechanical processes of illustrating are represented in a large 
variety of modern inventions. Machinery for working stone, clay and 
other minerals, for the preparation of food and for use in all mechanical 
arts. The machinery exhibit is prodigal in this display. The progress 
of invention is the progress of the world to the popular mind. Mechani- 
cal arts have developed in this century, and especially in the latter half, 
not by strides but by leaps and bounds Hard work has been relegated 
to the less progressive nations. In the mammoth corridors of Machinery 
hall at the World's Fair the zenith of nineteenth century progress in the 
mechanical art has been reached, and the artisans of every civilized clime 
have something of practical benefit from the unfolded genius of the 
yorld's greatest inventors. The department of machinery is also a live 
exhibit, differing in this respect from almost every other department. 
Within its massive walls is the ceaseless hum of machinery in motion. 
The leviathan power plant at the south of the main building radiates the 



80 Tun gre;at buildings, etc. 

energy that sets in motion the wheels of the entire exposition. Within 
Machinery hall itself miles of shafting, pulleys and belting- connect with 
the thousands of exhibits that are in motion every day during the fair. 

FOREIGN EXHIBITS. 

Main Floor Machinery Hall. 

The foreign exhibits begin with those of Great Britain and Canada 
at the east end of the building and extend west nearly its full length. The 
details of the foreign exhibits are perfect. In the German exhibit the 
Siemens & Halske Company, of Berlin, have a 1,000 horse power engine 
and electric dynamo, which furnishes additional light for the Machinery 
building. The countries furnishing the most prominent exhibits are 
Canada, Belgium, Great Britain, Mexico, Russia, France, Spain, New 
South "Wales, Italy, Sweden, Austria and Brazil. 

HOHE EXHIBITS. 

Main Floor Machinery Hall. 

These exhibits are located principally in the annex and in a portion 
of the west end of the main building. They are grouped, as far as possi- 
ble, in classes, so that the visitor in one part of the building may see in a 
single department the principal devices in which he is interested. Thus 
the machine tools, the machinery for fabrics and clothing, and wood- 
working machines, the printing and typewriting machines, and all other 
special classes. 

CURI0U5 EXHIBITS. 

Machinery Hall. 

There is a superb display of machines for the manufacture of paper 
boxes, and kindred exhibits. In the manufacture of textile fabrics, the 
cotton, woolen and silk looms are of a wondrous variety and nicety of 
detail. The leading exhibitors in this department are the Knowles 
Loom Works, the Lowell Machine Shops and the Crompton Loom 
Works. These concerns show the actual process of making cotton and 
woolen goods. Silk looms in full operation are shown by the Atwood 
Machine Company, the machines being operated by the Phcenix Manu- 
facturing Company of Philadelphia. There is a fine display of Jacquard 
looms, which weave intricate designs of the World's Fair buildings and 
portraits of prominent men on silk. J. J, Mannion, of Pittsburg, and 
John Best & Co., of Patterson, N. J., who show these looms, have a con- 
cession for selling the products to visitors. There will be a vast product 
from the hundreds of machines in daily operation in Machinery hall. 
Quite a number of concessions for the sale of the more unique products 
have been given. Those firms that have not obtained concessions will 
remove theiir goods from Machinery Hall at the close of each day during 
the Exposition. There are machines for making hooks and eyes, steel 
fence posts, sections of telegraph poles and chains. There is an exhibit 
of machines for polishing lenses, so that persons who wear eyeglasses 
may have lenses polished and mounted while they wait. The C. B. Sheri 



THE GRKAT BUII.DINGS, ETC. 81 

dan Company make a fine display of wood embossing" machines tha,t pro- 
duce wooden medals with impressions of World's Fair buildings for sou- 
venir purposes. At the juncture of the main hall and annex is a tank of 
water 150x50 feet. Grouped around this tank is the pump exhibit. 
Scores of pumps take the water from the tank and throw it back again. 
The De L/a Vergne Refrigerator Co. has built an ice grotto over the tank 
as an ornamental feature, this being one of the most spectacular features 
of the whole exhibit. Among the popular exhibits are the traveling 
cranes built by R. D. Wood & Co., of Philadelphia. These are three in 
number, operated by electric motors and covering a space of 75 feet over 
each main aisle. Some exhibitors combine to make a collective exhibit. 
One instance is on the south side of the annex, where a large paper mill 
is in full operation. About twenty individual exhibitors are included 
here. Wood pulp is put through all the processes of a complete paper 
mill. This exhibit is managed by the Paper Trade Club of Chicago un- 
der the personal direction of the chief of the department. Another col- 
lective exhibit is the great display of printing presses that turn out the 
morning and evening papers for sale on the World's Fair grounds. 

PRINTING PRESSES. 

Main floor Machinery Hall. 

The exhibit of printing presses is one of the most interesting to be 
seen in this building. In this exhibit are two Hoe quadruple perfecting 
presses with a capacity of 90,000 complete eight-page papers per hour 
each. These will be operated for a time every day. There are also 
Scott presses. Potter presses and the presses of other manufacturers, all 
deserving of attention. The exhibit of job presses and book-binding 
machinery, paper cutters, etc., is very interesting. 

WOOD WORKING MACHINES. 

Main floor Machinery Hall. 

The display of wookworking machinery includes exhibits by J. A. 
Fay & Bgan Company, S. A. Woods Machine Co., Greenlee Bros., and 
others, and is the largest display of turning and planing machinery ever 
shown. There are carving and molding machines. One machine carves 
out from wood intricate designs and statuettes in groups. In ancient 
times this kind of work was laboriously performed by hand, and months 
were spent on a single group, A machine exhibited by C. L. Goehring 
of Alleghany City turns out four or five groups of wood statuary in the 
space of five minutes. There is a great variety of machines for geometrical 
molding which are now adopted in the manufacture of furniture and 
house decoration. 

WEIGHING HACHINES. 

Machinery Hall. 

There is a machine shown for measuring out and weighing coffee. 
This machine takes coffee from the hopper and fills one pound paper 
bags, seals them and does this at the rate of several tons of coffee a day. 



82 THS GREAT BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 

There is another machine that manufactures tags and labels. It takes 
the paper from the roll, cuts the tag's, prints the labels, punches the eye- 
lets and then inserts the wire for fastening. Another machine makes 
different sizes of nails from wire. In 1876 the wire nail industry had not 
begun in this country. There were four or five crude machines shown at 
the Centennial by French exhibitors. These were purchased by Ameri- 
cans, and since 1876 the manufacture of wire nails has become general 
all over the United Siates. 

SEWING MACHINE EXHIBIT. 

Machinery Hall. 

Among the marhines shown are those for sewing carpets, and one 
where the operator rides a velocipede for 100 feet and guides an electric 
motor which sews a carpet as he moves along. There are also machines 
for sewing wood and leather with wire thread ; some of the products being 
fine enough for a kid glove. Devices of this kind are shown by J. H. 
Sternberg & Co. of Reading, Pennsylvania. Several exhibitions show 
the latest varieties of knitting machines and cloth cutting machines. 

THE POWER PLANT. 

Location, south annex, Machinery Hall. 

There about forty-three steam engines with a total of from 18,000 to 
20,000 horse power. These operate 127 dynamos, which in turn produce 
electric light and power for all the other World's Fair buildings. For 
the power in Machinery Hall alone there are ten or twelve engines, rep- 
resenting a total of about 3,000 horse power. One engine alone in this 
gigantic power plant is nearly a third larger than the famous Corliss en- 
gine of 1876, which may now be seen in operation in Pullman, Chicago. 
The largest engine in the World's Fair power plant was built by E. P. 
Allis & Co., of Milwaukee, and is of 2,000 horse power as against the 1,400 
horse power of the Corliss. The Allis quadruple compound expansion 
engine has never had a parallel, but grouped around it may be seen many 
engines nearly as large as the old Corliss. 1,000 horse power engines 
in the World's Fair plant are numerous, one being furnished by Fraser 
& Chalmers, of Chicago. The dynamos in the power plant, including 
Fdison and all the leading makers, are classed in the electricity exhibit. 
The boilers are part of the machinery exhibit, all the leading American 
makers being represented. There are about eighteen or twenty feed 
pumps in connection with the boilers, and these with the circulating 
pumps are also classed as exhibits, i 




lil 



ill 

liiiiiM 



tnH GRi^AT BUII^DINGS, ETC 



83 



HANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS DEPARTMENT 
PALACE OF HANUFACTURES. 

Location, .ake shore, southern facade fronting grand, basin, western fronting lagooh, and 
northern fronting the Government building. Length 1,687 feet, width 787 feet; cost 
$1,500,000. Height of wall 66 feet; of the four central pavilions 178 feet; of the four 
corner pavilions 97 feet ; of the roof over central hall 245.6 feet ; of the roof truss over 
central hall 203.9 feet. Height clear from the floor 208.9 feet; span of truss 382 feet; 
span in the clear 364 feet; width of truss at base 14 feet; at hip, 32 feet; at apex, 10 
feet: weight of truss 300,000 pounds, with purlines, 400,000 pounds. There are 12,0C0,- 
000 pounds of steel in the trusses of central hall and 2,000,000 pounds of Iron in the 
nave. The floor alone consumed over 3,000,000 feet of lumber and five carloads of 
nails. One thousand cottages, each 25 x50 feet, could find room within its walls. 




KING I^UDWIG'S PAI<ACE, GERMAN SECTION. 



Within the building- a gallery fifty feet wide extends around all four 
sides, and projecting- from this are eighty-six smaller galleries, tweve feet 
wide, from which visitors may survey the vast array of exhibits and busy 
scenes below. The galleries are approached upon the main floor by thirty 
great staircases, the flights of which are twelve feet wide each. " Colum- 
bia avenue," fifty feet wide, extends through the mammoth building 



84 



tun GRBAT BUII,DINGS, ^TC. 



long-itudinally, and an avenue of like width crosses it at right angles at 
the center. The main roof is of iron and glass and arches an area 
385x1,400 feet, and has its ridge 150 feet from the ground. The building, 
^ including its galleries, has over forty acres of floor space. The Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts building is in the Corinthian style of architec- 
ture, and in point of being severely classic excels nearly all the other 
edifices. The long array of columns and arches which its facades present 
is relieved from monotony by very elaborate ornamentation. In this or- 
aaiaentation female figures, sym.bolical of the various arts and sciences, 




THS SPANISH PAVIUON. 



play a conspicuous ana very attractive part. The exterior of this building 
is covered with " staff," which is treated to represent marble. The huge 
fluted columns and the immense arches are apparently of this beautiful 
material. There are four great entrances, one in the center of each 
facade. These are designed in the manner of triumphal arches, the 
central archway of each being forty feet wide and eighty feet high. Sur- 
mounting these portals is the great attic story, ornamented with sculptur- 
ed eagles eighteen feet high, and on each side above the side arches are 
great panels with inscriptions, and the spandrils are filled with sculptured 
figures in bas-reliefs. At each corner of the main building are pavilions 
forming great arched entrances, which are designed in harmony with the 
great portals. The building occupies a most conspicuous place in the 
grounds. It faces the lake with only lawns and promenades between. 
North of it is the United States Government building ; south, the harbor 
and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical building and the lagoon 
separating it from the great island, which in part is wooded and in part 
resplendent with acres of bright flowers of varied hues. In the construe- 



^JfHE GRESaO? fitriIv£)lN(3S, E*<i4 



85 



tion of this building- the contractors put in some of the heaviest timber 
ever used, in this or any other country. There are twenty-seven main 
trusses, with a span of 380 feet and a height of 211 feet. They are four- 
teen feet wide at the floor and ten at the apex. These trusses with the 
eig-ht smaller g-able trusses weigh 10,800,000 pounds. The main trusses 
weig-h about 350,000 pounds each. 

THE INTERIOR. 

A city of pavilions and pagodas. 

The interior of this magnificent structure is a city of beautiful 
pavilions, pagodas and enclosures allotted to every nation on the earth, 
in which displays are made of everything in the way of manufactures. I 
have only space here to give the principal groups, which may serve as an 
index to the interior : Chemical and Pharmaceutical products — Drug- 
g'ists' Supplies ; paints, colors, dyes and varnishes, ; typewriters, paper, 
blank books, stationery ; furniture of interiors, upholstery and artistic 
decoration ; ceramics and Mosiacs ; marble, stone and metal monuments; 
mausoleums, mantels, etc., caskets, coffins and undertakers' furnishing 
goods ; art metal work, enamels, etc., glass and g-lass ware ; stained glass 
and decoration ; carvings in various materials ; g'old and silver ware, 
plate, etc.; jewelry and ornaments : horology, watches, clocks, etc.; silk 
and silk fabrics ; fabrics of jute, ramie and other vegetable and mineral 
fibres, yarns and woven goods of cotton, linen and other vegetable fibres, 
woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool ; clothing and cos- 
tumes, furs and fur clothing ; laces, embroideries, trimmings, artificial 




THE FRENCH PAVII^ION. 



flowers, etc.; hair work, coiffures, and accessories of the toilet ; traveling 
equipments, valises, trunks, toilet cases, fancy leather works, canes, um- 
brellas, parasols, etc.; rubber goods, gutta percha, celluloid and Zylonitej 
toys and fancy articles ; leather and manufactures of leather ; scales, 



86 tnn GRKAlf BUILDINGS, ET^C 

weights and measures ; material of war ; ordnance and ammunition ; 
weapons and apparatus of hunting, trapping,etc.; military and sporting 
and small arms ; lighting apparatus and appliances ; heating and cooking 
apparatus and appliances; refrigerators, hollow metal ware, tinware, 
enameled ware ; wire goods and screens, perforated sheets, lattice work, 
fencing, etc.; wrought iron and thin metal exhibits; vaults, safes, hard- 
ware, edge tools, cutlery ; plumbing and sanitary materials ; miscellane- 
ous articles of manufacture not heretofore classed ; apparatus illustrating 
the phenomena and laws of electricity and magnetism; apparatus for 
electrical measurements ; electric batteries, primary and secondary ; ma- 
chines and appliances for producing electrical currents by mechanical 
power — dynamical electricity ; transmission and regulation of the elec- 
trical current ; electric motors ; application of electric motors : lighting 
by electricity ; heating by electricity ; electro-metallurgy and electro- 
chemistry ; electric forging, welding, stamping, tempering, brazing, etc.; 
electric telegram and electric signals ; the telephone and its appliances ; 
phonographs ; electricity in surgery, dentistry and therapeutics ; applica- 
tion of electricity in various ways not hereinbefore specified ; history and 
statistics of electrical invention ; progress and development in electrical 
science and construction, as illustrated by models and drawings of various 
countries ; sculpture ; paintings in oil ; paintings in water colors ; paint- 
ings on ivory, on enamel, on metal, on porcelain or other wares ; fresco 
paintings on walls ; engravings and etchings ; prints ; chalk, charcoal 
and pastel, and other drawings ; antique and modern carvings ; engrav- 
ings in medallions or in gems ; cameos, intaglios ; exhibits of private col- 
lections ; physical development, training and condition — hygiene; in- 
struments and apparatus of medicine, surgery and prosthesis ; primary, 
secondary and superior education ; literature, books, libraries, journalism; 
instruments of precision, experiment, research, and photography ; pho- 
tographs; civil engineering, public works, constructive architecture; 
government and law ; commerce, trade and banking ; institutions and 
organizations for the increase and diffusion of knowledge ; social, indus- 
trial and co-operative associations ; religious organizations and sys-.tems 
— -statistics and publications; music and musical instruments — the 
theatre. On the lake shore of the great Manufactures building is one of 
the most beautiful stretches of sea wall on earth. The Parade walk 
which rises above the granite water-fence is wide, and along here a per- 
fect stream of people is constantly moving in either direction. Just as 
you turn f^c northeast corner of the Manufactures building you will no- 
tice a beautiful little building of the pagoda pattern. This is the special 
concession of the Van Hou+en Cocoa Com.pany. At the extreme southern 
corner of the building, another pagoda is erected belonging to the special 
concession of Walter Baker & Co. These and similar pagodas are to be 
used for the dispensation of refreshments. 

AHERICAN PAVILIONS. 

Main floor and galleries Manufactures building. 

Among the handsomest of the American pavilions are the following : 
James S. Kirk & Co., in toilet soaps; lyadd & Coffin, in perfumeries; 



the; gri^at buii,dings, etc 



87 



Roessler & Hasslacker, in chemicals ; the Chicago Varnish Company ; 
Lawson Valentine Varnish Company; Amberg File Company; Hammond 
Typewriter Company; Brunswick-Balke Billiard Company; Celadon Pot- 
tery and Tile Company; Cambridge Art Tile Company; Barre Manufac- 
turing Company, and the Granite Manufacturing Association, in granite 
and art bronzes; Monumental Bronze Company; United States Glass 




THE GREAT CI,OCK TOWER. 



Company; I^ibbey Glass Company; Rawson & Evans and G. E. Andro- 
vette, in art glass and stained decorations ; H. G. Bachman, in wood 
carving; Ansonia Clock Company and Waltham Watch Company, m 
horology; Nathan, Mayer, Strauss & Company, in clothing and corsets ; 
Wolf & Periolat and John T. Shayne, in furs ; New England Whalebone 
Manufacturing Company, in novelties | Nicol & Company and E. Burn- 
ham, in hair goods ; Hirsch & Brothers, in umbrellas ; A. J. Tower and 
the American Rubber Company, in rubber goods ; Ives, Blakely & Wil- 
liams and the Wahl Fancy Bone Company, in toys ; National Meter Com- 
pany and the Fairbanks Scale Company, in scales and measures ; Scultz 
& Company, in lighting fixtures and chandeliers ; Cribben & Sexton, 
Michigan Stove Works and the Magee Furnace Company in stoves; 
Chapman Manufacturing Company, in harness hardware ; H. J. Daemicke, 
in refrigerators ; Washburn-Moen Company and Roebling & Company, in 
wire goods and wire fencing ; Cartwright Metal Roofing Company, Put- 
nam Nail Company, the Steel Bath Tub Company, in building hardware ; 
Nicholson Fire Company and Rhode Island Tool Company, in general 
hardware ; Standard Manufacturing Company and Alberene Stone Com- 
pany, in plumber's hardware. 



88 THE GREAT BUII.DINGS, ETCi. 

CLOCK TOWER. 

Rises in the exact center of the Manufactures building. 

It is 120 feet high, on a base 40 feet high. Fronting each of the four 
grand avenues of the interior are four portals, sixteen feet wide and 
twenty-eight feet in height, on each side of which are illustrative his- 
torical panels. In the second story of the tower the Director General has 
an office. The faces of the clock are seven feet in diameter. There is a 
chime of bells within. 

BEST VIEWS. 

Manufactures building. 

Magnificent views of the interior of Manufactures building may be 
obtained from the galleries surrounding the interior of the building. 
From the center of north or south gallery a beautiful view may be had of 
Columbia avenue to the clock tower. Flevators ascend to the roof of 
Manufactures building, from which a view may be obtained of the entire 
exposition. A fee of 25 cents is charged. 

CHIMING BELLS, MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 

Operated by electricity in the electric clock of the great clock tower. 

The clock is operated by electricity, and is regulated directly from 
Washington. The chiming bells give hourly concerts. They are oper- 
ated from a key-board, similar to that of a piano, in one of the rooms of 
the tower. Any pianist is qualified to play the chimes, as each key when 
depressed, completes an electrical circuit striking a certain note. A strip 
of heavy paper passes over a roller, similar to the strips working in 
" tickers.". On each strip are a number of perforations which allow the 
contacts necessary to produce the chime. 

GERnAN PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, near clock tower. 

Designed by Gabriel Sidel, of Munich ; built in that city and forward- 
ed to the exposition in sections. The ground plan is in three circles. 
Here is shown Gobelin tapestries, fine furniture, plate, etc. A drawing 
room in the center shows beautiful fresco work. Another room is 
fashioned after King I^udwig's room in his palace at Munich. Surround- 
ing the Germain pavilion are the exhibits of private firms and individuals 
of the empire. 

ENGLISH PAVILION. 

Manuf actxu:es building, near clock tower. 

This is an exact reproduction of the famous dining-room at Hatfield 
house in England, the home of the Marquis of Salisbury. Its contents, 
decorations, etc., are historical, rich, rare and beautiful. Around the 
English pavilion are the exhibits of private individuals and firms of Eng- 
land. 



THE gre;at buii,dings, etc. 89 

FRENCH PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, near clock tower. 

The main entrance has a beautiful frieze painted on canvas in Paris. 
Around the walls are hung Gobelin tapestries, loaned by the French 
government, and said to be the finest in the world. A magnificent ex- 
hibit is made here of paintings, bronzes, ceramics, statuary, fine furni- 
ture, etc. Around the French pavilion are the exhibits of private indi-. 
viduals and firms of France. 

"LA FRANCE" STATUE. 

French section Manufactures building. 

Occupies a position in the center of the French section of the Manu- 
factures building. It represents " La France " majestically seated and 
wearing a cuirass. The figure has the right arm elevated, while the left 




THE DOUIvTON PAVILION. 



rest-j on a table. A large scarf around the waist is knotted at the side. 
The head is erect and ooble ; above the bands of hair the three symboli- 
cal figures of Iviberty, Equality and Fraternity form a diadem. At the 
right, close to the side of La France, the Gallic cock stands in the atti- 
tude of issuing his defiance. The entire figure seated measures two me- 



90 fHs; gre;aT buii^dincs, ktc. 

ters forty centimeters in height. The pedestal is about three meters and 
is ornamented with historical emblems drawn from the history of the 
revolution. 

RUSSIAN PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, near clock tower. 

This pavilion was constructed in Russia and forwarded in sections. 
It covers over an acre of floor space, and represents an enormous outlay. 
It is filled with rare, costly and curious thing-s from the Russian empire. 
Around it are the exhibits of private individuals and firms of Russia. 

AUSTRIAN PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, near English, French and German exhibits, foreign section. 

At the entrance are two great pillars connected by an arch surmount- 
ed by the Austrian eagles. Glassware predominates in the front part of 
the section. All of the famous factories of Bohemia have extensive 
showings. In the center is a huge base belonging to the Emperor Fran- 
cis Joseph. It is made in imitation of onyx, with a cluster of different 
colored groups around it like a girdle. The Tschernich factory and Count 
Harrach are represented by a magnificent collection. There is a punch 
bowl as large as a bushel basket, surrounded by two dozen glasses. The 
lightest thing in glassware is the Pompeiian redware. The Pompeiian 
color is a startling red, decorated and jeweled in the most artistic man- 
ner. One set of six pieces on exhibition is valued at $8,000. It stands 
out from all the rest by the very force of color. On one table is a collec- 
tion of ivory pottery ware. All the pieces are statues and the designs 
are made by the Industrial School at Vienna. Crystal goods are shown 
in profusion. There are splendid exhibits of leather ware, book-binding, 
etc. Under the gallery a model room illustrates the triumph of the dec- 
orative art. At the back is painted a conservatory, and exotics are 
placed in front of it leading up to the painting in panoramic style of 
decoration. The ceiling and walls are beautifully frescoed. The center 
piece of the ceiling is the goddess Flora. All of the woodwork of the fur- 
niture is gilded and tipholstered in Gobelin tapestry. Two noticeable 
features are the clock and grand piano. The clock is 8 feet high and of 
Moorish design. It possesses a set of chimes which strikes the hours and 
quarters. The entire lot has been sold to an American home furnisher 
for $25,000, to be delivered at the close of the Fair. 

CHINESE PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, foreign section. 

China has a beautiful pavilion and makes the first great exhibit ever 
attempted by the empire. 

JAPANESE PAVILION. 

Manufactures building, Columbia avenue, northern end, right hand side. 

Aside from Hooden palace Japan expended an immense amount of 
m.oney in building and furnishing its pavilion in the Manufactures build- 



THEi GREAT BUII<DINGS, ETC. 



91 



ing. It is filled with works of art, brie a-brac and manufactures. The 
display is the handsomest and costliest ever made by the empire. 




JAPANESE PAVIWON. 

OTHER FOREJGN PAVILIONS. 

Manufactures building, foreign section. 

Among the foreign pavilions which will attract most attention are 
the Singalese, the Siam, the Persian, Canadian, Belgian, Bolivian, 
Turkish, Danish, Guatemalian, Venezuelan and Spanish. All nations 
are represented in this building, either by pavilions or displays. 



THROUGH COLUMBIA AVENUE. 

Manufactures building. 

Entering Manufactures building from the northern end, at the cen- 
tral aisle, which is 50 feet wide, and is known as Columbia avenue, the 
visitor passes the exhibits on the right and left. From the ex- 
treme northwestern corner to the avenue running east and west, at 
the intersection of which the clock tower stands, is the United States 
section. On the left are ceramics and mosaic, paints, varnishes, glass- 
ware, iron manufactures, etc. These exhibits are bounded on the south 
by the Japanese section. On the right are displays of chemicals, per- 
fumery, seals, weights and measures, wire goods, hardware, cutlery, etc. 
Just inside the entrance to the left is a magnificent display of petrifac- 
tions. Beyond this, running south to the left, are woolen goods.; next 
silk and textile fabrics. Toward the east heating and cooking stoves. 
To the right is the Australian section, opposite the display of horology, 
where watch making may be witnessed. Next to the German section, 
and at the corner opposite, the beautiful Tiffany pavilion. Passing be- 
neath the clock tower the Great Britain section is at the right, and oppo- 
site is the French section. These two sections run along the avenue for 
a great distance, and back on either side to the extreme corridors at the 
east and west respectively. To the right, after passing Great Britain, is 
Canada, and behind it New South Wales, India, Ceylon, Jamaica ; next 
to the right Denmark, and behind it Turkey, Bulgaria, Portugal, Corea, 



92 THK GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 

Italian annex, Argentine Republic. Next to the right, Denmark, Swit- 
zerland, the Netherlands and Italy ; and behind these Brazil, Spain, 
Persia, Mexico, Siam. After passing France on the left, Belgium, Nor- 
way and China (the latter toward the east) are passed. 

STAINED GLASS EXHIBIT. 

Manufactures building. 

Work of the Continental Stained Glass Company of Boston, to be 
seen in the Manufactures building-. Principal exhibit, a beautiful stained 
glass window of the conventional painted style so much used in Roman 
Catholic churches. This is a reproduction, about 4x8 feet in size of Hoff- 
man's picture of Christ explaining the Trinity to the Doctors in the Tem- 
ple. The coloring is brilliant. The central figure is that of the boy, 
Jesus, clad in yellow shaded, almost white, robe, with a golden aureole 
about his head. At his right hand is a beautifully executed head with 
gray hair and beard and a standing figure in a green robe. At his left 
are three figures in violet, red and purple robes. The main light appears 
to fall over the scene from above at the spectator's right. The picture is 
made of antique glass painted according to the Munich school. It is 
valued at $1,000. 

THE GALLERIES. 
Mauufaetures building. 

If the visitor will ascend the stairs at the northeastern corner of the 
building and pass clear around the galleries, he will, after passing a large 
variety of beautiful exhibits of manufactures, come to the French and 
Catholic educational exhibits, and then to those of the states of the Ameri- 
can Union. The French polytechnic exhibits are well worthy of atten- 
tion and study, as is also the magnificent Catholic educational exhibit in 
"the east gallery. In the latter is the beautiful statue of Archbishop 
^eehan, of Chicago. After this you walk through the section given over 
to the various states for their public school exhibit, to the great colleges, 
technical institutes, schools of design, art institute, etc., (at the south- 
western corner). Passing these you walk through the educational and 
liberal arts exhibits of New South Wales, Canada, Great Britain, Ger- 
many, Ja])an, Mexico, Austria, Brazil, Italy and Russia. At the north' 
western corner are to be found the social and religious, medical and sur- 
gical exhibits, books, iournals, etc. In the northern gallery are the ex- 
hibits of engravings, physical apparatus, architecture, commerce and 
law. It will require a day to walk through these exhibits even although 
you give them no more than passing notice. 

THE TIFFANY EXHIBIT. 

Just northeast of great clock tower 

The Tiffany pavilion, or, as it might properly be called, the Tiffany- 
Gorham pavilion, is one of the most beautiful within the great Manufac- 
tures building. The exterior is rich and attractive in design and calcu- 
lated to hold the visitor's attention. No private pavilion at this or any 
other international exposition was ever constructed upon a scale so ex- 



TH:e GREAT BUII.DINGS, ETC. 



93 



tensive and costly. But the exhibits it contains are even more worthy of 
special mention and attention. Inside the Tiffany pavilion there is un- 
questionably the most costly display of jewelry and precious stones ever 
made. The exhibit of the Gorham Manufacturing- Company is also 
worthy of special attention. 

YERKES TELESCOPE. 

Nortliem end of Columbia avenue. 

This is the mag-nificent telescope presented to the University of Chica- 
g-o by Charles T. Yerkes, (cost $500,000), minus the g-lasses. It will prob- 
ably be erected permanently at I^ake Geneva, near Chicago. 
LIBERAL ARTS DEPARTMENT. 

Manufactures building, south end of main floor and gallery. 

Among- the most interesting of the exhibits are : The model of the 
Yerkes telescope ; microscope made by a Munich institution, which cost 
over $8,000 ; the Catholic school exhibit which occupies the entire eactern 
gallery ; the magniiicent -Jap- 
anese school exhibit ; the 
Potter's Association exhibit ; 
the public school exhibit in the 
south gallery ; the Steinert 
collection of ancient musical 
instruments ; the American 
Bible society exhibit in the 
gallery ; the musical exhibit on 
the south end of main floor, etc. 

A NOVEL EXHIBIT. 
Liberal Arts Department, Manufac- 
1ures building. 

The Homeopathic hospital 
in Bloomsbury (lyondon) has a 
very singular exhibit in the 
lyiberal Arts department. It 
is a collection of dolls to illus- 
trate nursing, and the advan- 
tages of various surgical ap- 
pliances. One doll wears the 
uniform of a nurse, and looks 
very natty in a dark blue dress 
and a white apron, cuffs and 
collar. A collection of little doll invalids is exhibited in tiny beds. They 
are suffering from broken thighs, and other injuries, and are fitted with 
splints and placed in such attitudes as the living patient would be made 
to assume. It is a novel idea, but a very practical and useful one, and 
the collection, no doubt, will attract the attention of the medicai 
fraternity. 




COI^LEGE FRATERNITY BOOTH. 



94 



THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 




THE REMINGTON PAVII.ION, 

REMINGTON EXHIBIT. 

In Manufactures building. 

One of tho richest and most interesting booths in the Manufactures building is tha,t 
of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict ( Proprietors of the Remington Standard Typewriter) 
located in Section F, northeast corner Main Balcony. The structure, sketch of which 
appears herewith, is of mahogany, ornamented in gold, and draped with NUe-green 
velour The pavilion was designed and erected by the Seattle Manufacturing Company 
of St Louis The exhibit consists of forty machines adapted to all purposes and lan- 
guages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Portugese, Russian, Hungarian 
Italian Swedish, polyglot, etc., etc., mathematical, medical, billing, weather-bureau, and 
other specials. In one of the showcases is shown a lull line of typewriter supplies^ 
such as ribbons, papers, carbons, and other stationery. 

Over the entrance to the private office is carved an exact reproduction of the 
Exposition's endorsement of the Remington, with President Higinbotham's signature 

^Mlss Orr's gold medal, representing the championship of the world in typewriting, 
han-sin one corner, while in another is displayed the first Columbian half dollar, for « 
which the Remington Company paid $10,000. The coin is enclosed in a case of brass and || 
plate glass, and is accompanied by a certificate from the Mint, and other credentials. 
Statistics are displayed setting fo-^h the history and development of the typewriter in- 
dustry, founded by the Remington Company in 1873. A corps of expert operators capable 
of writing and speaking in all modern languages is in attendance, explammg the work- 
ings of this wonderful labor-saver, which brings to the young men and women of Amer- 
ica an income of over $150,000,000 annually. 



Ths great buildings, etc. 



95 



MINES AND MINING DEPARTHENT. 



PALACE OF MINES AND MINING. 

liocation, directly parallel with Electricity building, northern end facing lagoon, south- 
ern end facing Court of Honor and Administration building. Dimensions, 700 feet 
long by 350 feet wide. Cost $265,000. 

The architecture of this building has its inspiration in early Italian 
renaissance, with which sufficient liberty is taken to invest the building 
with the animation that should characterize a great general Exposition. 
There is a decided French spirit prevading the exterior design, but it is 
kept well subordinated. In plan it is simple and straightforward, em- 
bracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, 
etc. On each of the four sides of the building are placed the entrances, 
those of the north and south fronts being 
the most spacious and prominent. To the 
right and left of each entrance, inside, 
start broad flights of easy stairs leading 
to the galleries. The galleries are 60 feet 
wide and 25 feet high from the ground 
floor, and are lighted on the sides by large 
windows and from above by a high clere- 
story extending around the building. The 
allegorical figure over the main doorway 
is eminently fitting as a classical repre- 
sentation of the great industry to which 
the edifice is dedicated. Mining is rep- 
resented as a colossal, half-reclining fe- 
male figure in Greek drapery, holding 
aloft, in one hand, a lamp to guide the 
miner, and in the other a pick. The figure 
was designed by Richard W. Bock. More 
than one and one-half million pounds of 
steel and iron entered into the construc- 
tion ofthis building. 

niCHIGAN'S PAVILION. 

Surrounded by an enclosure, the entrance to which 
is at the comer facing the center of the Mines 
building. 

The entrance is an arched doorway, 
the supporting pillars of which are of red 
sandstone. Above the arch is the Michi- 
gan coat-of-arms, and still higher an alle- 
gorical group in copper, representing the 

crowning of two miners with laurel wreaths. On either side of the en- 
trance is an obelisk of Grand Rapids gypsum. A great display of cop- 
per and iron ores and refined copper may be seen here. A mass of copper 
ore almost pure weighing 6,200 pounds, and another 8,500 pounds are on 
the floor.' There are miles of drawn copper wire, and rolled sheets of 




NEW SOUTH WA^ES 
MINING COI<UMN. 



% THE GREAT BUII.DINGS ETC. 

copper as brig-ht and clear as a polished mirror. Sections of electrically- 
welded copper wire are shown, illustrating a new application of the elec- 
trical current . A miniature model of the larg-est copper mine and reduc- 
ing mills in the world is among- the most attractive of the exhibits. The 
different counties in the great copper belt of Michig-an are all represented. 

STAMP MILL nODEL. 

Mines and Mining building. 

A $10,000 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the property of 
the State Museum, of Michigan, is shown in the Mines building. This 
model was made and presented by the Calumet and Hecla Copp x Co. 

MISSOURI'S PAVILION. 

Adjoining that of Michigan. 

This State is first in the Union in the production of zinc ind second 
in that of lead ; consequently the ores of these metals are :he feature. 
They are shown most prominently in a pyramidal structure, containing 
about 14 tons of these ores, one chunck of lead ore alone weighing- 6,500 
pounds. There are also specimens of coal and iron ores from Iron moun- 
tain. A feature of the exhibit comprises relief maps, one of which shows 
the working of the mines in Iron mountain ; another reproduces the 
topography of the entire State. 

MONTANA PAVILION. 

Mines and Mining building. 

A beautiful pavilion containing a magnificent exhibit of the mineral 
resources of one of the youngest States in the American Union. One of 
the principal attractions of this pavilion is a silver statue, mounted on 
a gold pedestal, of Ada Rehan, the American actress, who was chosen 
because of the grace and symmetry of her form. The object of the statue 
is, of course, to illustrate, in a symbolical manner, the resources of Mon- 
tana in precious metals. 

OTHER STATE PAVILIONS. 

Main floor Mines and Mining building. 

Among the most beautiful pavilions are those of Pennsylvania, New 
York, North Carolina, Virginia, Oregon, Georgia, Wyoming-, "Washington, 
Arizona, Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina, I^ouisiana, Texas, Ken- 
tucky, Ohio, Minnesota, Kansas, California, Idaho, Florida, Maryland, 
Indiana, "Wisconsin, South Dakota, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Maine 
and Oklahoma. The Pennsylvania pavilion is a beautiful one, thai State 
being the foremost among the sisterhood in her exhibit. A great shaft 
of coal marks her location. Colorado follows Pennsylvania closely ; has 
a beautiful pavilion and a magnificent exhibit. Nearly all of the other 
States mentioned are represented as they have never been before in this 
department of their industries. 



'THB; GREAT' BUII.DINGS, ETC. 



97 



FOREIGN PAVILIONS. 

Main floor Mines and Mining Building. 

Nearly every f oreig-n country is represented in this building-. Follow- 
ing are the most notable pavilions and exhibits : Great Britain, New 
South Wales, Canada, Spain, Bolivia, Greece, Orange Free State, Austria, 
Cuba, France, Russia, Japan, Colombia, Argentine Republic, Italy, Venez- 
uela, Brazil, Cape Colony, Holland, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Fcuador, 
Costa Rica, Hayti, Honduras and Chili. 

MAnnOTH CAVE. 

Beneath Kentucky pavilion, ■ 
Mines and Mining build- 
ing. 

Here is reproduced a 
chamber from, the cele- 
brated Mammoth Cave 
of Kentucky. The ar- 
rangement of the in- 
terior is an exact imita- 
tion of the original. The 
visitor will find that the 
illusion is almost com- 
plete. 

SILVER QUEEN. 
West gallery Mines and Min- 
ing building. 

From Aspen, Colo- 
rado. The figure, heroic 
in size, is of silver, repre- 
senting a girl of 17, that 
being the age of Colo- 
rado as a State. She is seated in a silver barge, mounted on wheels, and 
decorated with a towering canopy of glistening crystals. The barge rests 
on a pedestal covered with silver, gold and minerals. On the front cor- 
ners stand gold and silver figures of Plutus, the god of riches, beariag 
cornucopias, out of which fiow streams of the precious metal. The ex- 
hibit was designed by Hiram ly. Johnson, of Pueblo, and installed under 
the direction of Andrew McClelland, of Aspen. At the close of the Fair 
the exhibit will be taken to Pueblo, and permanently installed in the 
Mineral Palace. 




ENTRANCE TO KENTUCY PAVILION. 



GREAT BLOCK OF COAL. 

State of Washington exhibit, Mines and Mining building. 

Dimensions 24 feet long, 5 feet 8 inches wide and 4 feet 8 inches high. 
Weight 41,000 pounds, or nearly 22 tons. 



9S the; great buii^dings, etc. 

STANDARD OIL EXHIBIT. 

Main floor Mines and Mining building. 

Made by the Frick Coal and Coke Company of Connellsville, consist- 
ing" of the entire plant. There are many interesting- working- models. 

COLLECTION OF MINERALS. 

Main floor, Mines and Mining building. 

Contributed by A. B. Foote, of Philadelphia. Comprises about ISO 
tons of rare minerals, occupying an area of 6,000 square feet. This ex- 
hibit has been seen at the Centennial and at Paris, and is pronounced the 
most complete in existence. 

DIAFIOND EXHIBIT. 

Main floor, Mines and Mining building 

Exhibit made by the Kimberly Diamond Mining- Company, of South 
Africa. The exhibit includes great quantities of diamond dust as well as 
the precious g-ems themselves. The exhibit is guarded by Zulus. 

GRECIAN EXHIBIT. 

Main floor, Mines and Mining building. 

The display, though small, is varied and contains many relics, which, 
under a strict classification, would fall in the Ethnological department. 
There are tools and samples of ores that were used by the Greeks thirty cen- 
turies ago, utensils which, in many instances, antedate Athens herself. 
The mining district of Eaurium in Southern Greece is threaded with an 
underground meshwork of shafts and galleries numbering some thou- 
sands. The methods of mining several centuries before Christ were most 
primitive and but little advance is made over those older methods to-day. 
The only difference practically is that the natives now use baskets instead 
of leather bags with which to carry the ores to the surface. Much of the 
mining to-day is done in the same shafts as left by the ancients. In them 
have been found many articles of apparel and household utensils left by 
contemporaries of Themistocles, which give fully as much zest to the in- 
vestigation of the archaeologists as the unearthed ruins of Pompeii. 
Charts, drawings and photographs help to make the collection a very com-- 
plete history of mining in Greece. With this display is shown a contri- 
bution of marble from the little island of Skyros, which is said to be fully 
as good for the purposes of the sculptor as is the famed Pentelic Parian 
grades. 

STATUE OF LIBERTY IN SALT. 

Exhibited in the Mines and Mining building. Designed by W. H. Jones, of Winstead, 
England. 

It is a reduced repi eduction of the statue of L/iberty which stands in 
New York harbor. The figure stands S feet 6 inches high on a base which 
raises it to a height of 12 feet 6 inches. The salt block, which is pure 
white, came from a depth of 250 feet. 



tn-^ GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 



^ 



TRANSPORTATION DEPARTHENT. 

PALACE OF TRANSPORTATION. 

vocation, south of Horticultural building, western and principal facade facing lagoon. 

Southern end facing Terminal Railway Station. Length 960 feet, width 256 feet. 

Cost $370,000. 

The leading architectural characteristics of this building- disclose 
simplicity of design, harmonious structural effects and dignity of massive 
proportion, relieved by richly ornate details. At the center it is sur- 
mounted by a cupola 165 feet high that affords an extensive view of 
grounds, lake and 

■inlBffliliii3Byi|l||m«^Siii« 



surrounding country. 
This point of obser- 
vation is reached by 
eight elevators (the 
only department 
building thus provid- 
ed), which of them- 
selves properly form 
a part of the trans- 
portation exhibits, 
and run for public 
use. "With these the 
gallery (72 feet wide) 
also connects at an 
intermediate station 
by means of a bridge. 
The central court is 
abundantly lighted 
from the clerestory 
above. The offices of 
the department are 
located in the gallery, 
or entresol, where the 
restaurant is also lo- 
cated. The grand 
portal on the east 
front facing the la- 
goon consists of a 
series of receding 
arches entirely over- 
laid with gold leaf. The term " Golden Door " hardly conveys an ade- 
quate idea of the impressive splendor of this approach. The exterior 
arch overhead is ornamented with striking allegorical figures and groups 
in bas-relief. On one side appears in panel an original study in ancient 
transportation, and on the opposite side the palatial accessories of modern 
railway travel. The corners above the arch are decorated with mural 
paintings of marine and railway themes. Four minor entrances on this 
front and other elaborate portals at either end of the main building are 




THE DECORATION — TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



100 The; gre;at buitvDings, etc. 

adorned with fountains and some twenty life-size statues of inventors 
whose history is identified with that of the science of transportation. I 
think you should walk completely around this building- before you enter 
it. The statuary, the fresco work, the decorations are in themselves 
worthy of a trip of a thousand miles. Inside this building the exhibit is 
of wondrous interest. Everything that man has used for transportation 
since history began, from the ox wagon to the flying machine is displayed 
here. Modern invention in rapid transit machinery, excepting that 
peculiarly electric in character, is shown. The latter is confined as much 
as can be to the Electricitj' building. 

LOCOnOTIVE EXHIBIT. 

Transportation building, annex. 

The " John Bull " comprised the first piece of rolling stock owned by 
the Camden & Amboy railroad founded by Robert Stevens. It also is the 
first locomotive ever run in America. In its palmy days it was the 
wonder of mechanics ; now it is a relic of the past and attains a curious 
interest as an absorbing page in the history of railroading. It shows all 
the crudeness of early invention in its construction. This engine was 
built by George Stephenson in lingland in 1830, on an order from Robert 
L,. Stevens, who had seen the successful operation of the former's first 
engine. When completed the then wonderful contrivance weighed ten 
tons. The four drive-wheels were made of wood, with cast-iron hubs and 
iron tires, carrying a wide flange. The boiler had a capacity of 1,500 
gallons. The cylinders were twenty inches long and nine inches in di- 
ameter. The levers controlling the motion of the engine did not work 
with the same freedom that characterizes the throttle levers of to-day 
and often gave even a very muscular engineer some trouble. The en- 
gineer stood on a platform back of the boiler, exposed to the violence of 
storms, his only means of protection being a hood-like projection over 
his head from the tender. The tender itself was roofed. On the roof was 
placed what was called a gig-top, a sort of signal box, in which sat the 
head brakem.an. From his outlook lie watched for danger and signaled 
the rear brakeman when it was necessary to stop the train. The brake 
used was an ordinary lever arrangement without any cog or rachet to 
hold it in place when once put on, the men being compelled to hold the 
lever in position until time to release the brake. On its arrival at Phila- 
delphia in May, 1831, the mechanics were greatly puzzled to know how to 
put the thing together. They had never seen anything like it before. At 
this juncture Isaac Dripps stepped to the front and studied the different 
parts carefully and set the engine up. To him was given the honor of 
taking the engine on its trial trip. He did so with the boiler carrying a 
head of thirty pounds of steam pressure. It took five years of improve- 
ment by American mechanics to bring the engine up to what it remains 
to-day. The last improvement was the putting on of the duck-bill, scoop- 
shovel-like pilot. This was an invention of Stevens. The cow-catcher 
was put on to obviate the danger of derailment in passing a curve, f, The 
original " John Bull" had no pilot. Stevens made the first of heavy oak, 
the frame having its points of attachment on the axle of the forward 



Thb; great buiIvDings, etc. lOi 

drivers, outside of the wheels. It -vas at first weighted with stones. In 
its early days wood was the fuel used. lyater the furnace was changed 
and coal was used, the tender holding enough for a ninety mile run. With 
"John Bull" conies two ancient cars, short, low, dingy affairs, mere 
bagatelles beside the modern coach. The furnishings are plain to a de- 
gree, no ornamentation whatever being used. Scant provision is made 
for ventilation and none at all for toilet purposes. Even the luxury of a 
tank of drinking water was not added until 1840. The cars were lighted 
by tallow dips. " John Bull," after a long period of usefulness, was rel- 
egated to semi-oblivion at the Bordentown (N. J.) shops, and only taken 
from there in 1B76 for exhibition at the Centennial. After being exhibited 
at Chicago a few weeks later, at the exhibition of railway appliances, the 
old engine was presented to the National Museum of Sciences at Wash- 
ington. Full sized models of the first and oldest ten railroad locom.otives 
in the world are shown by the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Models of three 
of the old George Stephenson engines .are shown — the famous " Rocket" 
(1829), the "Blanch" (1816), and "Mercury" (1830). Also full sized 
duplicates from the working drawings of "Puffing and Billey-' (1813), 
the first locomotive with smooth wheels for smooth rails, and the " Sans" 
and "Pareil," in which the steamblast was first introduced. From draw- 
ings in the Paris Conservatoire full sized reproductions were made of the 
" Cugnot " ( 1769), the oldest locomotive in existence, and the " Seg-rim " 
(1827), the first locomotive in the world with multi-tubular boiler. The 
first locomotive that ever entered Chicago, the " Pioneer," is exhibited in 
the Transportation building. It was built at Philadelphia in June. 1836. 
Twelve years later it was sold to the Chicago Galena Union R. R. Com- 
pany (now the Chicago and Northwestern Ry.), which then operated a 
line four miles long. In October, 1848, the "Pioneer" was brought to 
Chicago on a boat. It cost originally $3,500. The engine passed out of 
the hands of the Chicago & Galena Ry., and was retired from service in 
1874, with a record of twelve years on the Utica & Schenectady road, and 
twenty-six years on the Chicago & Galena line. 

RAILROAD RELIC EXHIBIT. 

TranspoBifcation building. 

Consists of contributions made by various railway companies, in the 
way of printed matter of all kinds. Perhaps the largest contribution 
came from Mr. Hancock, of the Philadelphia & Reading Road. He sent 
a fine set of tickets used on the first trains that ran over the road, water 
colored sketches of the trains, depots and much other material. In one 
of the frames sent by Mr. Hancock appears the original notice posted in 
Philadelphia when the Reading road was opened for traffic. It shows 
that the art of printing had not reached a high state of perfection in 
Philadelphia at that time. The notice is printed in fat type on cheap 
paper. Some of the lines are black, and others red. The whole is sur- 
rounded by a border of green* "The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad 
will be open for travel and the general Transportation of freight on 
Monday, Dec. 9, 1839," the announcement runs. Then follows a'' time 
card, giving a schedule of the movements of the first train run over this 



102 THK GREAl? BUIi:,DINGS, HtC. 

road, since become famous in American railroading-. A picture of the 
train that stands at the top of the announcement is a curious thing. It 
shows a locomotive of crudest design, to which are hitched two small 
passenger coaches, built something like the old " prairie schooners" that 
used to roll slowly westward over the prairie. Behind these follow three 
small cars for baggage and freight. They are box-like things, and 
almost square and run on four wheels. The tickets used in these early 
days were circular in form, about the size of a silver dollar. Circular 
tickets remained in style until 1847. Square tickets did not come into 
general use until 1855, although they were introduced in 1847. The Read- 
ing collection of relics include many interesting- sketches of the terminals 
at Philadelphia. There is a picture of the little depot that stood on Broad 
Street above Vine, and one of the first general offices. These were in a 
back room of the second story of a building- opposite the Girard Bank. 
A topographical map of the road made by John C. Trautwine in 1834, is 
in the collection. There is a photograph of the old engine " Gowan and 
Marx," one of the first that ran over the road. It was an 11 ton machine 
and started out late in 1839, pulling- a train loaded with 1,635 barrels of 
flour, 73^ tons of bloom, 60 tons of coal, 2 hogsheads of whiskey and 60 
passengers. This mixed cargo was considered a monster load in those 
days. Several documents issued just after Lincoln's assassination will 
be read with interest. The Northern Central, running- between Baltimore 
and Harrisburg-, brought the funeral party from Baltimore in a special 
train. A time card, bordered with heavy black lines, was issued along 
the route. It is in the form of a special schedule for the train for Friday, 
April 21, 1865, to remain in force for that day only. "This train has the 
right of i-oad against all passenger and other trains," the notice begins. 
*' All passenger, freig-ht and other trains must keep entirely out of the 
way of this schedule, as provided in special orders printed below." Then 
follows orders to freight trains, mail trains, coal trains, gravel crews and 
all others. In blacker type the announcement is made that "a pilot en- 
gine will run on the time as printed on this schedule, carrying- flags for 
the special funeral train, which will follow ten minutes after the pilot en- 
gine." These orders were g-iven by J. M. Dubarry, general superin- 
tendent of the road, which has since become a branch of the Pennsyl- 
vania system. The Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, and Dayton & Mich- 
igan roads g-ot out notices advising all employes that special funeral ex- 
ercises would be held all over the country on *' Wednesday, April 19, at 
12 o'clock," in honor of the dead president. D. Mclvaren, then general 
supsrintendent invited employes to attend services in the churches. "The 
company hereby allows the proper time for such attendance," he ordered, 
and then added : " This circular is not to be understood as to interfere 
with the running- of the several trains." The assortment of ancient 
tickets includes several of the special series used during the war by 
"troops going to the front. These were issued by station agents on orders 
signed by recuiting- ofiicers. The pass that Governor J. M. Porter used in 
1857 in riding over the Pennsylvania is in the collection. So are a number 
of similar favors given to members of the legislature. Time cards of 
the Richmond, Fredericksburg- & Potomac railway, of the date of 1836, 
announce the running of regular trains and g-ive information in regard 



THE GREAT BUII.DINGS, ETC. l03 

to stag-e coach connections. The display of old tickets from foreign 
countries includes specimens used years ago on the Cape government 
railway in Cape Colony, tickets from Denmark, Svvitzerland, England 
and Japan. The Japanese tickets are like those of the present day, ex- 
cept that they are covered all over with hieroglyphics. Some pictures 
that accompany the Japanese collection are gorgeous works of the print- 
er's art. The colors used are scarlet, bright green and blue. There is 
no delicate shading — all the colors being pronounced. Annual passes in 
the form of silver badges, distributed by the Silverton railway of Colo- 
rado, have a place in the collection. So have the old passenger way bills. 
These were used years ago, when station agents took the names, ad- 
dresses and destinations of passengers when they bought tickets. The 
underground railway of London sends a complete collection of the season, 
monthly, weekly and single trip tickets used on the road. W. S. Weed of 
the Ivake Erie & Western Railway supplies the collection of annual passes. 
It includes passes from every railway in America. 

P. & O. S. S. EXHIBIT. 

Transportation building, main fioor. 

Two hundred models of steamships that have been or are now in use 
by this great company are exhibited in the Transportation building. 
This concern began business in 1837 with two small boats, the sizes of 
which were not more than twice that of a life boat which the company 
now carries on its largest ship. The two pioneer boats were known as 
the William Fawcett and the Royal Tar. They carried the British mail 
from Falmouth, Engl^and, to the ports of Spain and Portugal. One by 
one the boats of the fleet grew until now the company controls fifty-four 
swift steamers that ply the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian and Pacific 
oceans. On the face of the globe there is no other steamship line which 
has the same amount of capital invested as the Peninsula & Oriental 
Company. From scarcely seaworthy craft their fleet has expanded until 
to maintain the business of the company a vessel capacity of 10,000 tons 
burden is annually constructed at an expense of $1,500,000. To main- 
tain the line up to the present time the expenditure of $70,000,000 has 
been entailed, and the value of the fleet as it now steams the ocean is 
estimated at $35,000,000. Thirty of the boats of the line are armed 
cruisers of Her Majesty the Queen of England. They carry a large num- 
ber of guns, and are ready for service whenever called upon by the home 
government. The remaining twenty-four boats of the fleet are subject 
to the orders of the admiralty, and may on short notice be armed as 
cruisers. The boats carry all the mails of the British government along 
the ocean points between Eondon and Tokio, and a subsidy of $1,500,000 
is annually paid for the service. In addition the Italian government 
votes $150,000 for the conveyance of the mails of King Humbert along 
the ports of southern Europe and Asia. The space occupied by the ex- 
hibit of models is near the British section, and adjacent to the model of 
Great Britain's cruiser Victoria. The fleet is shown on a plat twenty-six 
feet square, and the two hundred boats with their guns and sails indicate 
to visitors at the Fair the extent of the British mail service in the central 



104 the; great buii^dings, etc. 

and southern seas. Since ISST^ when the first two little boats of the 
Peninsular Company began carrying British mail, the cost of freight be- 
tween London and Bombay has decreased from $150 to $1.75 per ton. The 
Suez canal has, in a measure, brought about this reduction. Before it 
was built in 1871, cargoes had to be unloaded at Alexandria and carried 
over land to Cairo, and reloaded on a line of steamers, 

STEAHSHIP EXHIBIT. 

Main floor, Transportation building. 

All the great Transatlantic steamship companies make magnificent 
exhibits. The White Star line has a special building. Models of ships 
engaged in ocean traffic in all parts of the world are shown. The great 
ship building companies of England and Scotland are also represented. 
There is a full sized model of the City of New York, and a m.odel of the 
cruiser Alabama, built for the Confederate government in IJngland, and 
sunk, after committing great havoc among American shipping, by the 
Kearsarge, in Cherbourg Harbor, France. 

NORTH GERMAN LLOYD EXHIBIT. 

Transportation building, main floor. 

In the center of the pavilion there is placed a large map of the world 
on which the daily positions of all of the steamers on the various lines of 
the North German lyloyd Company, are represented. Miniature steamers 
are moved from day to day to correspond with the movements of the 
steamers of the company all over the world, Bremen and Southampton — 
New York, Genoa, or Naples — New York, Genoa and Naples — Alexan- 
dria, Bremen — Baltimore, etc., etc. Around this map are placed six 
models of the newest steamers of the line. The entire exhibit of the 
North German Ivloyd is in charge of one of the officers of the company, 
detailed for that purpose, 

ENGLISH WARSHIP HODELS. 

Transportation building, main floor. 

They represent the latest additions to the British Navy. These 
models are complete down to the smallest detail of the exterior, having 
all the guns and machinery necessary to work them. Among the models 
are H. M. first-class battleship Remilles, the second-class cruisers Thetis, 
Terpsichore and Tribune, the torpedo chasers Scout and Destruction, and 
the Royal Spanish cruiser Reina Regenta. Besides these there are models 
of Atlantic passenger steamers and representations of smaller boats. 
These shipments all come from one firm of I^nglish shipbuilders among 
the score or more who sent models. This part of the marine exhibit is 
one of its most attractive features. There are in all more than two 
hundred ship models from England alone. Among them, and perhaps 
the most notable is a thirty-foot model, one-twef th size of H. M. S. Vic- 
~coria> 



THK GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 103 

PULLHAN EXHIBIT. 

Central court, Transportation building. 

This consists of an exact counterpart of the New York & Chicago 
limited express, made up of specially built Pullman cars, of the most 
luxurious and expensive style. Pronounced the finest railway train ever 
constructed. Other beautiful railway trains are exhibited by the Can- 
adian Pacific Railway, and the New York Central Railway. 

NICARAGUA CANAL MODEL. 
Transportation building, gallery. 

This model is one of the two that were constructed at Washing-ton in 
1888. The other was sent to the Paris Exposition and presented to the 
French department of engineering. The present one was brought from 
Washington by P. H. Bevier, Assistant Bngineer of the Canal Construc- 
tion Company. It represents the topography of the country through 
which the line of the canal is laid, and presents a very pretty and in- 
structive picture to the curiosity seeker or student. 

GREAT TRIP HAMMER. 

Transportation building, central aisle. 

This is a hammer of cyclopic proportions, dwarfing everything near 
it. It is a 125 ton hammer, exhibited by the Bethlehem Iron Works, 
and it rises almost to the roof beams. To all appearances the model is 
of solid iron. It is a faithful reproduction of the greatest hammer in the 
world. The original is used in forging heavy iron and steel work, armor 
plating, etc. 

HISTORICAL WAGON. 

Transportation building, main floor. 

A wagon ISO years old is exhibited. It is of quaint design and be- 
longed to the late Nancy Standish Welles, of Wethersfield, Conn., who 
was a direct ascendant of Captain Miles Standish, and also of Thomas 
Welles, Colonial governor of the Connecticut colony. 

GRACE DARLING'S BOAT. 

Transportation building. 

The little craft in which the heroine went to the rescue of the passen- 
ger steamer Forf arsahire, on the rocks of Fame Island, September 6 and 

7, 1838. 

BICYCLE EXHIBIT. 

Transportation building, main floor. 

Fvery variety of cycle, embracing tandems, triplets, solid, cushion 
and pneumatic tires, forgings, brazings, bearing cases and balls, in fact, 
everything of interest to wheelmen, may be found in the Transportation 
building. Former cycle exhibits in Furope and America are eclipsed by 
this display, not so much in the number of machines shown as in exquisite- 



106 TH^ GREAT BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 

ness of desigfn and finish and in the elegance of the booths. One Boston 
firm has a brass and bronze enclosure about its allotment space costing 
$10,000. Another Massachuetts firm, has a booth of solid mahogany 
about a space of 1,500 feet square. The machines placed on exhibition 
are the finest in point of finish possible to turn out, the manufacturers 
giving special attention to enameling, plating and polishing. One firm 
shows two full gold plated racing wheels and several show different styles 
of machines with gold trimmings. The entire purpose of the bicycle ex- 
hibit is to display the latter-day utility and comfort of the bicycle as a 
means of conveyance upon the road or as a record breaker on the track. 
All weights are shown, to cover all uses from severe work upon wretched 
roads to the attainment of speed on the track. Many of the exhibits are 
groups of a dozen designs or weights, gradient from a 40-pound roadster 
to a 17-pound racer. The safety type of bicycle of course, predominates. 

HADEIRA EXHIBIT. 

Transportation building, main floor. 

There are no boats, no wheeled conveyances in this exhibit. The 
people of Madeira travel in sleds, not because snow and ice are on the 
ground at all times of year, but because the highways anu .jy\/ays are so 
peculiarly constructed that runners are preferable to wheels \vhea quick 
transportation is desired. The streets of the town are paved with stones 
scarcely as big as base balls, and so smooth have they become through 
the years of unceasing travel that they are as slippery as the surface of a 
well-swept skating rink. The well-to-do man of Maderia trt,vels in state. 
His sleds are not so elaborate as those of King lyudwig, but fully as ample, 
and look like a richly upholstered closed carriage of our day set upon 
clumsy runners. Seated in this conveyance and guided by the steerer or 
pilot, who directs the movements of the bullocks from a rear but honor- 
able perch, the worthy Madeiran travels about over the glassy but bare 
pavements. Another conveyance of the people of Madeira and one which 
accompanied the bullock " cart " is the mountain sled. This looks like a 
church pew set upon runners. The seat will accommodate but few per- 
sons, however. It is upholstered in red and has no covering or side cur- 
tains. People of that far-away country who use this conveyance simply 
sit beside each other before making the descent down the well-worn 
mountain road and then when the steerer is ready the sled plunges for- 
ward with incredible speed. It is said that it will slip over thirty and 
even thirty-five miles an hour. The mountain hammock, another means 
of conveyance among the peaks of Madeira, resembles our own hammock 
attached to poles like those of an ambulance stretcher and carried at the 
head by a sunshade. Then, there is a little, primitive looking sled which 
the islanders use to carry wood things from place to place. 

QUEER EXHIBITS. 

Transportation building. 

Among the queer things are the following : A sled of spruce, witii 
runners made from the jaw-bone of a whale, received from Unalakilt; a 
set of snow shoes without netting, used on the hard packed snow of the 



THE GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 107 

coast ; a set of harness made of sealskin thongs ; Yukon river sled, har 
nesses, rain-coats, made from salmon skin, ice spears with points of rein- 
deer antlers, snow shovels of spruce, ropes made from the fibres of the 
nettle, canoes of spruce, birch bark, etc.; from the upper Yukon, a tobog- 
gan sled, made of birch held together with thongs of reindeer hide, which 
carries a regular load of 400 pounds ; from the Alaska Commercial Com- 
pany six cases containing hunting implements, spears, paddles, and 
pumps, hunting sleds, etc.; from Constantinople specimens of costumes 
worn by firemen, porters, and water carriers, saddles, leather head- 
bearers, Sedan chairs, two Turkish rowing boats, etc.; a rolling hogs- 
head used 200 years ago to deliver tobacco to market in Virginia, and an 
ancient chariot from the Etruscan museum in Florence. 



U. S. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT. 

PALACE OF FEDERAL EXHIBITS. 

Location, between Lake Michigan and lagoon on the east and west, and Manufactures 
building and the foreign group on the north and south. Dimensions 345x415 leet; 
cost $400,000. 

Delightfully located near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon, 
and of the area reserved for the foreign nations and the several States, 
and east of the Woman's building and of Midway Plaisance, is the Gov- 
ernment Exhibit building. The buildings of England, Germany and 
Mexico are near by to the northward. It is classic in style, and bears a 
strong resemblance to the National Museum and other Government 
buildings at Washington. It is constructed of iron and glass. Its leading 
architectural feature is an imposing central dome, 120 feet in diameter 
and ISO feet high, the floor of which will be kept free from exhibits. The 
building fronts to the west and connects on the north by a bridge over the 
lagoon, with the building of the Fisheries exhibit. The south half of the 
Government building is devoted to the exhibits of the Postoffice Depart- 
ment, Treasury Department, War Department and Department of Agri- 
culture. The north half is devoted to the exhibits of the Fisheries Com- 
mission, Smithsonian Institute and Interior Department. The State De- 
partment exhibit extends from the rotunda to the east end, and that of 
the Department of Justice from the rotunda to the west end of the biiild- 
ing. The allotment of space for the several department exhibits is : War 
Department, 23,000 square feet ; Treasury, 10,500 square feet ; Agriculture, 
23,250 square feet ; Interior, 24,000 square feet ; Postoffice, 9,000 square 
feet ; Fishery, 20,000 square feet, and Smithsonian Institute balance of 
space. 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL DISPLAY. 

In the U. S. Government building. 

This exhibit is a remarkable one of the natural science which treats 
of the structural and mineral construction of the earth's crust and was 
collected only with great labor. The first thing that greets the eye as one 
enters the door is a highly colored and finely delineated raised map of the 



108 Tun gre;at buii<dings, e;tc. 

Elk mountains in central Colorado, with a scheme of the colors attached, 
showing the cretaceous, Jurassic, carboniferous, basalt and trachyte 
strata. Adjacent to this is a larg-e section showing ths strata around and 
in Mount Taylor, N. M., with the carboniferous, cretaceous, quaternary, 
jura and volcanic layers plainly depicted. Across the aisle from this is a 
line of geological surveys of northwestern Iowa; Crater Lake, Ore.; 
Mount Shasta, Wash., and vicinity, and the drainage basin of the Arkan- 
sas river in Colorado, showing the relations of the catchment basins to 
the reservoir sites and irrigable lands, with a color legend attached, 
showing location of snow, timber and pasture lands, reservoirs, irrigated 
and irrigable lands. Following this is a magnificent quarter circle colored 
survey of the Grand canon of Colorado, while at the rear of it repose four 
smaller strata charts of Baltimore, Md.; I^eadville, Col.; the Yosemite 
valley, and the high plateaus of Utah. 

THE CANNON " LONG TOH." 

In the U. S. Government building. 

After lying dismanteled for nearly eighty years at Fayal, in the 
Azores, "lyong Tom," the famous 42-pound gun that did America such 
good service in the war with England in 1812, was brought back to this 
country, and is exhibited in the Government building. " lyong Tom " was 
once a part of the armament of the French cruiser Hoche, which was 
captured in 1897 by a British squadron. The guns were sold to John B. 
Murray, of New York, in England, and shipped to America. The United 
States government then bought the guns, " Eong Tom" finally being 
turned over to the American privateers. In 1812, "Eong Tom" was on 
the American brigantine General Armstrong and was used in a battle 
with the British fleet of Fayal. The General Armstrong was so much 
damaged that it was beached and its guns taken on shore. The American 
Consul at Eisbon recently arranged with the Portuguese government for 
the return of this gun to this country. 

FIRST TYPEWRITING MACHINE. 

In the U. S. Government building. 

Patent Office exhibit, Government building. Invented in 1823 by 
William A. Burt, of Wisconsin, and patented in 1829. This model was 
made by Augustus Burt, of Minneapolis, a grandson of the inventor. 
The original model was destroyed in the Patent Office fire of 1836, and 
this one was made from a description given in some old papers found in 
Washington. The patent was signed by Andrew Jackson and Martin 
Van Buren. The machine, which inventor Burt called a typographer, 
was never in common use. There is no resemblance between the old 
Burt typographer and a modern typewriter. The mechanism of the old 
machine was quite simple. The clock dial was used to regulate the mar- 
gin on the side of the paper, while the distance between the lines was 
measured by a slide to the left. The operator worked a lever on the top, 
the front end of which was pressed down upon a slide containing a hole 
for each letter in the alphabet. The instrument made the imprint on the 



the; great buii,dings, etTc. 109 

paper near the pivot on which the lever worked. The paper occupied the 
center of the instrument — with ink pads on either side. 

U. S. ARHY EXHIBIT. 

In the Government building. 

One-fifth of the floor area in the Government building is given over 
to the army for an exhibit of its equipment. Artillery is shown in almost 
every form, from the field piece and Gatling gun to the 12-inch siege 
guns. All the machinery and accessories of an arsenal are displayed, 
and the visitor may see how weapons are made. Ammunition of every 
form is also on view. There are views of great government works, in- 
cluding a panoramic view of Chicago. The signal corps gives an illustra- 
tion of its work by signal flag messages between the Auditorium tower 
(in the city ) and the Government building. The medical staff shows a 
model military hospital and ward-room, cots, pharmacy, operating rooms, 
stretchers, etc. The commissary department shows camp and field 
equipage. 

OCEAN CURRENTS. 

In the Government building. 

The Clayden model of ocean currents is a hug^ scientific tank show. 
The surface of the earth is spread out on an area about thirty feet square, 
the oceans and seas being shown by actual water. Pipes under the model 
pump in little streams of water so that the whole body of water moves 
exactly as the ocean currents. A white powder ^n the surface of the 
water shows distinctly the direction of the currents. 

Sins = EDISON TORPEDO. 

In the Government building. 

Exhibited in the War Department section. It is the largest torpedo 
of its kind owned by the United States War Department. It is 25 feet 
long, 5 feet in diameter in the center, and has sharp steel points a foot 
long at either end. The torpedo is divided into four sections riveted 
together. In the first section is placed the fuse, in the second rests a coil 
of cable three miles long, which pushes the torpedo from shore, in the 
third is a dynamo that furnishes the motive power, and in the fourth is 
placed the steering apparatus. It was sent to the Fair from Willets 
Point, N. Y., where it was tested. 

U. S. TREASURY EXHIBIT. 

In the Government building. 

The Registry Ofiice exhibit contains 640 samples, each one distinct 
and separate, of every piece of paper money" ever issued by the United 
State government. In the exhibit also will be found samples of Colonial 
and Continental money, of the old wildcat money, broken state banks, 
and confederate money and bonds. An unbroken line of United States 
bonds is also in the exhibit. 



110 THE GREAT BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 

WAX FIGURES. 

U. S. Government building. 

There is a magnificent display of wax figures to be seen here. In 
cases are seen figures representing either noted chiefs or warriors, or 
representatives of once famous tribes. Grouped around the main floor of 
the historical exhibit are figures in wax illustrating the uniforms worn 
by ofi&cers and privates of the United States Army from Colonial to thq 
present time. 

CALIFORNIA BIG TREE. 

In central dome U. S. Government building. 

The trunk of the magnificent " Big Tree" of California may be ea 
tered from the floor beneath the dome. A winding stairway conducts 
visitors to the top. 

STEAMSHIP PARIS. 

In' U. S, Govenmient building. 

This is a magnificent model of the Steamship Paris of the new Am 
erican line, which is the principal mail carrying vessel flying the Unitec 
States flag. The model is perfect in every particular and is a beautifti 
piece of workmanship. 

FOREIGN EXHIBITS. 

U. S. Government building. 

♦ 
This includes many articles which serve to illustrate the posta 
methods of foreign countries. These were sent by Great Britain and he 
dependencies, Germany, France, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, E^gypt, Jap 
an, India, Switzerland, Denmark, Mexico, the South American Republic 
a -d other lands. They include uniform models of postal clerks and 
riers, stamps, postal cards, mail bags, and photographs of post ofiices an« 
post office officials. 

DEAD LETTER OFFICE EXHIBIT. 

U. S. Government building. 

This includes thousands of curious articles taken from the mails, fc 
which owners could not be found. There are snakes, stuft'ed elephants 
tambourines, coffee pots, roller skates, Chinese shoes, accordions, blacking" 
boxes, circular saws, and so on. The list might be extended to include 
every article from time to time transmitted over the mails. 

POSTAGE STAMP EXHIBIT 

TJ. S. Government building, southwest gallery. 

This includes the most famous collection of postage stamps evei' 
placed on exhibition, some single stamps being valued at $1,000. The 
collection is loaned by the American Philatelic Association. 



thb; great buii,dings, etc. Ill 

ODD TRANSPORTATION EXHIBITS. 

In U. S. Government touilding. 

The visitor will be interested in a perfect model of a Mississippi River 
steamer ; also in that of a mail carrying- steamer used on a Florida river. 
There is a ten foot model of a modern postal railway car, which is perfect 
in all its appointments. By lifting the roof of this model the entire equip- 
ment of the interior may be seen. There are lay fig-ures of letter carriers 
and clerks of the railway service in full uniform. One interesting exhibit 
is a dog team with an Indian driver, which is an exact reproduction of 
one of the mail routes in Northern Michigan. The dogs are genuine In- 
dian canines prepared by a skillful taxidermist. The Indian driver is 
equipped with snow shoes and the surface upon which the models rest is 
an imitation of snow. There is a, model of a special delivery messenger 
on a bicycle, such as are in constant use in the city of Washington. This 
is a working exhibit, as the wheels ©f the bicycle continuously revolve 
with the aid of a motor. Another splendid model is that of a mounted 
post rider, the horse being a specimen of skilful taxidermy. An historical 
Concord stage coach first used in Montana may be seen here. It was 
brought from Yellowstone Park. This coach carried two presidents, and 
General Sherman made an important tour in it. 

BATTLESHIP ILLINOIS. 

Location, opposite Government building, alongside of Naval Pier, in Lake Michigan. 
Dimensions in feet 63.25x348; cost $100,000. An exhibit made by the U. S. Govern- 
ment, Naval Department. 

This is a structure which to all outward appearance, is a faithful full- 
sized model of one of the new coast-line battle ships. This imitation bat- 
tle ship of 1893 is erected on piling on the lake front in the northeast por- 
tion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water and has the appearance 
of being moored to a wharf. The structure has all the fittings that be- 
long to the actual ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets 
and booms, with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fit-, 
ting, etc., etc., together with all appliances for working the same. Offi- 
cers, seamen, mechanics and mariners are detailed by the Navy Depart- 
ment during the Exposition, and the discipline and mode of life on our 
naval vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, 
as great as the complement of the actual ship. The crew gives certain 
drills, especially boat, torpedo, and gun drills, as in a vessel of war. The 
dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battle ship, to-wit : 
length 348 feet, width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches ; and from the water 
line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is 
a superstructure 8 feet high with a hammock berthing on the same 7 feet 
high, and above these are the bridge, chart house, and the boats. At the 
forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower, 
called the "military mast," near the top of which are placed two circular 
" tops " as receptacles for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are mounted 
in each of these tops. The height from the water lin', to the summit of 
this military mast ic 76 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling 



112 THE GREAT BUILDINGS, KTC. 

The battery mounted comprises four 13-iuch breech-loading rifle cannon ; 
eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle cannon ; four 6-inch breech-loading rifle 
cannon ; twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns ; six 1-pound rapid-firing 
guns : two Gatling guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of 
these are placed and mounted respectively as in the genuine battle ship. 
On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, 
stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cuttera 
ride at the booms, and all the outward appearance of a real ship of war is 
imitated. 

LIFE SAVING STATION. 

Location, opposite Government building, near Battleship, on the shore of the narrow 
channel connecting the Lagoon with Lake' Michigan. 

This is a neat and substantial frame structure, two stories in height 
with a lookout tower. In all points of construction, completeness 
and compactness, it is regarded a*s the highest type of its class. The in- 
terior is well fitted for living purposes, the lower floor having a spacious 
dining room, kitchen, pantry, keeper's room, and an entrance hall. The 
upper floor is given up to sleeping apartments for the crew. The station 
is in charge of L,ieut. Mclyellan, U. S. Revenue Marine. During the Fair, 
public exhibitions of boat drills, including the use of life saving apparatus, 
are given daily for the benefit of visitors. Connected with the station 
are boats of various kinds, including the English life boat and surf boat, 
and other material, such as guns, for firing life lines, life preservers, 
nettings, lanterns, colored fire, etc. On the ground floor, at the west end 
of the building which opens out on the lagoon, is a large boat-room with 
a broad launchway 120 feet in length. In the boat-room, before going to 
a rescue or for drill, the surfmen are attired in oilskin coats and man the 
boat, the latter being easily launched by means of a steel track leading 
to the water. From the lofty lookout a far and searching view of the 
lake can be had by means of a powerful glass which the watchmen use 
at all hours of the day and night. The cost of the station was $10,000. 
This station remains permanently in Chicago at its present location. 

LIGHTHOUSE. 

Location, opposite Government building, near Battleship and Life Saving Station. 
Part of Government exhibit. 

One hundred feet high, and braced with guy-rods in four directions. 
It is a revolving light of the first magnitude, showing red and white, with 
the most powerful reflectors made. 

U. S, PARADE GROUNDS. 

Location, front of Government building. 

Here at intervals during the I^xposition there are military and naval 
(marine) drills. The guns which point toward the lake are all of his 
torical value and interest, and are worthy of attention. 



SirTfPlpf'" 






ilk 



liip'jjjjv'lili^ 




The; great buHvDings, etc. 113 



WOHAN'S DEPARTflENT. 

PALACE OF WOnAN'S EXHIBITS. 

liOcation, north of Horticultural building, main facade fronting lagoon and Wooded Is- 
land ( the Woman's and the Horticultural buildings are the only great structures on 
the grounds, whose lines are directly north and south.) Dimensions 388 feet In length 
toy 199 feet in width. Cost 8138,000. 

Among the great number of sketches submitted in competition for this 
building by women from all over the land the president of the Board of 
Lady Managers quickly discovered in the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia 
G. Hayden that harmony of grouping and gracefulness of detail which 
indicated the architectural scholar, and to her was awarded the first prize 
of a thousand dollars, and also the execution of the design. Directly in 
front of the building the lagoon takes the form of a bay, about 400 feet 
in width. From the center of this bay a grand landing and staircase 
leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Crossing this terrace other 
staircases give access to the ground four feet above on which, about 100 
feet back, the building is situated. The first terrace is designed in artis- 
tic flower beds and low shrubs. The principal facade has an extreme 
length of 400 feet, the depth of the building being half this distance. 
Italian renaissance is the style selected. The first story is raised about ten 
feet from the ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pa- 
vilion. This pavilion, forming the main triple-arched entrance, with an 
open colonnade in the second story, is finished with a low pediment en- 
riched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions have 
each an open colonnade added above the main cornice. Here are located 
the Hanging Gardens. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the open rotunda, 
70x65 feet, reaching through the height of the building, and protected 
by a richly ornamented sky-light. This rotunda is surrounded by a two- 
story arcade, as delicate and chaste in design as the exterior, the whole 
having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admitting abundance of 
light to all rooms facing this interior space. On the first floor are located 
on the left hand, a model hospital; on the right, a kintergarten ; each oc- 
cupying 80x60 feet. The whole floor of the south pavilion is devoted to 
the retrospective exhibit ; the one on the north to reform work and charity 
organization, liach of these floors is 80 x 200 feet. The curtain opposite 
the main front contains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. 
In the second story are located ladies' parlors, committee rooms and dress- 
ing rooms, all leading to the open balcony in front. The whole second 
floor of the north pavilion encloses the great assembly-room and club- 
room. The first of these is provided with an elevated stage for the accom- 
modation of speakers. The south pavilion contains the model kitchen, 
refreshment rooms, reception rooms and other home-like arrangements. 
This building is not a department of the great Bxposition proper. It 
practically represents a great international exposition in itself. There 
are grouped within its walls the achieveaaents of womankind, in every 
line of thought and in every branch of industry. Contributions have 
been made and exhibits -forwarded from the women of every clime and 
country on the face of the earth. In nothing are the exhibits so remark- 



114 the; great buii^dings, etc. 

able as in the showing they make of the wonderful progress made by 
womankind during the past 100 years. By comparison the exhibits show 
that woman has not only entered into competition with man in the arts 
and sciences, in the more delicate achievements of handwork, but in al- 
most every department of human activity, not excluding the industries 
which demand the exercise of vigorous mental thought and muscular 
power. The work of female artisans is shown here, as well as the work 
of female writers. Not among the least novel of the exhibits are speci- 
mens of iron work wrought at the anvil by a young lady of California. 
Space in this book does not permit mention of all that is to be seen here. 
I/et it suffice that in nearly every thing that the visitor will see in the 
great department buildings of the Exposition the management of the 
woman's department has been able to show creditable duplications. 

WELSH WEAVER'S EXHIBIT. 

British section, Woman's building. 

Margaret Adams, a "Welsh woman, operates a loom showing the slow 
process of weaving still in vogue among the women of Wales. She is 
dressed in typical Welsh style, and answers questions in relation to the 
women of her native country. 

NEBRASKA CANDELABRUH. 

To be seen in Woman's building. 

One of the most beautifully designed pieces of workmanship to be 
seen in the Exposition, was contributed by the Omaha Smelting Com- 
pany and made in the smelting works. The designer of the Candelabrum 
and pedestal was Mrs. Anna F. Cameron, of Chester, Neb. The bas-re- 
lief is typical of the great corn belt. The base is a section of a cylinder 
with a diverging line running toward the center, which forms a perfect 
frustrum of a cone. From the column and from the apparent burner 
stand eight ears of corn with husks falling. The arms curve down and 
extend about thirteen and a half inches, with an electric candle standing 
in a fine cast husk. From the inlet fitting of the arm. is a cast scroll, out 
of which springs another ear of corn. The second tier of arms is entirely 
different in curve, but similarly treated in relief. In the base is placed 
an electric switch to operate the lighting. The entire height is 52 inches, 
diaraeter of base nine inches, spread of lower tier 30 inches, second tier 
20 inches and last tier 10 inches. The cost was $1,000. 

COSTUME EXHIBIT. 

New York section, Woman's building. 

This display consists of seventeen French dolls robed in costumes 
representing the prevailing fashions in woman's dress in the different 
periods of American history, beginning with the Spanish Colony founded 
in 1565 The costume of each doll was made by a New York lady. The 
models in dress were taken from old portraits. 



THE GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 115 



CINCINNATI ROOn. 

Woman's building, near old Kentucky Home. 

A heavy carpet covers the floor, and. numerous show cases are filled 
with rare and. beautiful things collected by the ladies of Cincinnati. In 
addition to the bric-a-brac and choice specimens of woman's work there 
are some very beautiful painting-s. 

TWO GREAT PAINTINGS. 

Woman's building, in arched space over north and south gallery, respectively, looking 
down on the court. 

These are the works of Mrs. Mary Cassett and Mrs. MacMonnies, 
both of Paris, the latter the wife of the well-known sculptor. Mrs. Cas- 
sett's work portrays "Primitive Woman,'- while Mrs. MacMonnies has 
pictured "Modern Woman." Each painting is 72 feet long, the arch at 
the widest point is IS feet, while over all they measure ninety feet each. 

JAPANESE ROOn. 

Woman's building. 

The floor is covered with matting, and the ceiling is daintily decorated. 
Bam.boo poles cut up the space into small squares, which are adornd with 
flower works. Several of the paintings and decoration were done by 
Japanese women. That of a half clad Japanese boy attracts particular 
attention. This room should be visited. 

IRISH LACE EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building. 

Some seven years ago L/ord Aberdeen went to Ireland as lord lieu- 
tenant, and I<ady Aberdeen, always ready to put her hand to any good 
work, soon became deeply interested in the home and cottage industries 
of the country. At the castle balls I^ady Aberdeen set the fashion of 
wearing Irish laces. She encouraged the making and sale of Irish laces 
in all possible ways and it was astonishing to observe what potenc in- 
fluence for good one single lady who occupies a prominent position in 
society can exert. The flagging industry was revived and the demand 
for beautiful Irish laces became greater and greater. Irish poplins, too, 
were once more brought into fashion by this same lady. A special stimu- 
lus was imparted to this movement by I^ady Aberdeen by the holding of 
a large garden party at the viceregal lodge, where it was understood the 
garb of the guests ( male as well as female ) was to be, de rigueur, of Irish 
manufacture. About this time, too, the Irish industries association was 
started by the Countess of Aberdeen, its object being to create a market 
for the products of Irish cottage industries — weaving, spinning, knitting, 
embroidering and lace making. The beginning was small but the organ- 
ization steadily throve, and now there are depots for the sale of these 
goods at 29 Motcomb street, Belgrave Square, S. W. I^ondon, and at 14 
Suffolk street, Dublin, and both are doing a flourishing business. At the 
Ivondon shop there is an infinite variety of beautiful embroideries, linens, 



116 THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 

laces of every kind, of every design and texture, and the exhibition be- 
fore referred to, where a large display of those dainty wares, spread out 
in the most artistic and tempting manner, was made, has helped still 
further to once more popularize those products of the humble Irish cot- 
tage industries and to induce a demand for them. One of the main tasks 
of the association is to supply teachers to instruct the women in making 
the designs which sell. They hope to have experts in all fashionable 
centers, who know what will be worn next season, and supply this infor- 
mation to the association in time for the lace makers to get such goods 
ready as will be required. They are forming local committees, and look 
hopefully forward to the time when the lace maker will be paid a fair 
day's wages for a fair day's work. The exhibit of Irish lace in the Wom- 
an's building, and also in the Irish Village, is the latest enterprise of the 
Association. The collection of laces shown was made principally by 
I^ady Aberdeen, who personally superintended it. (See "Irish Village.") 

KENTUCKY HOHE. 

Woman's building. 

An old colonial parlor transferred from the far-famed " Kentucky 
Home " is found side by side with its old neighbor and friend Ohio, repre- 
sented by the Cincinnati room, which occupies the center section of the 
balcony and with its hospitable doors and open archways joins Kentucky 
with the room of the "Golden Gate." The interior of the Kentucky 
room is completely finished in white and gold, and appears but the contin- 
uation of the beauty in the "gallery of honor." Its quaint construction 
and ornamentation carry one back in fancy to the days of the revolution. 
Two broad transoms or beams, extending across the ceiling, with archi- 
traves picked out with gold, divide the ceiling into three parts. Four 
modified Ionic columns with gold caps are placed under the transoms 
three feet from each corner. Each column is decorated one-third of its 
length from the base with sprays of the wild rose, entwining its tendrils 
into the grooves of the column. The windows, 8x4 feet, have been low- 
ered to meet the style of the old colonial period, and are filled with mir- 
rors in the lower sashes. The third window, to make the harmony of the 
room complete, is formed entirely of mirrors, set in the sash of twelve 
small sections, with its dormer top formed of irregular panes. An old- 
fashioned fireplace in which the huge back log could be rolled, is placed 
on the south side of the room. Its dormer top is filled with plate-glass 
mirrors, the ^ash and columns having the gold trimming which prevails 
without. On each side are two niches, one of which is occupied by a 
piece of statuary executed by Miss Enid Yandell, of Kentucky, who did 
the caryatids on the Woman's building. On the mantel are placed two 
decorated pieces of ceramics done by Kentucky artists. The brass and 
iron fenders in the fireplace are loaned by a member of the family of 
Cassius M. Clay, a cousin of Henry Clay, who was in early days United 
States Minister to Russia. The curtains, which are yellow with the stains 
of age, are of silk with a band six inches in width of pink and yellow 
roses extending along the border. The curtains are loaned by Mrs. Jane 
Terrell, Versailles, Ky. The floors are covered with the celebrated Ken- 



THK GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 117 

tucky jeans, woven in g-olden brown shades by a Kentucky mill. Over 
the center of the carpet is spread an Oriental rug. The furniture is all 
in rich old mahog-any except the harpsichord, which is gold set in rosewood 
and brought from the home of Gen. Duke. All the furniture will be 
recognized by many of the visitors as familiar ornaments of Kentucky 
homes. An arm. chair of carved mahogany, made especially for the 
" Great Compromiser," in which he sat at his study table and framed the 
celebrated document which brought Missouri into the sisterhood of States, 
occupies a place of honor. The sofa formerly occupied a niche in the 
White House, and belonged to President Tyler's family. A chair, which 
is kept with almost sacred care, has been loaned by Miss Bartlett, a de- 
scendant of old Klder Brewster, of Plymouth Colony fame. The chair is 
one in which he sat, and has been handed down from generation to gen- 
eration through these nearly 300 years. A chair belonging to the daugh- 
ter of Judge Wheat, of the Superior Court of Kentucky, which all the 
justices of the Supreme Court have used, is in the loan exhibit for this 
room. Several portraits of Kentucky women who were noted for their 
beauty adorn the wall. One is of Susan Shelby, by Sully, representing 
the famous beauty dressed in the style of Marie Antoinette. Another is 
of Sarah Scott Humphreys, painted by Jewett. A bust picture of Mrs. 
Francis Breckinridge, mother of John C. Breckinridge, Vice-President of 
the United States, hangs in a prominent place. An antique piano occu- 
pies one corner of the room, and plans have been made whereby several 
musicales will be given in this room during the summer. The work of 
decoration was done by Miss Carter, of Versailles, Ky. She is a student 
of the Art School of Design in Cincinnati, and was selected by the 
Columbian clubs of Kentucky to decorate their room. She was engaged 
to make real here in the Woman's building the parlor of an old Kentucky 
home, and $5,000 was given her for the purpose. 

PRESIDENT'S RECEPTION ROOH. 

Woman's building. 

Mrs. Palmer's reception room in the Woman's building is a beautiful 
one. The decoration of the salon by Miss Agnes Pitman, of Cincinnati, 
is considered one of the best features of the building. The frieze of the 
room is a design in roses, with a border of conventional buckeye scrolls. 
The delicate tints of the beautiful roses are daintily combined with an 
exquisite shade of terra cotta as a background. The roses are not strung 
in arbitrary festoons caught up Avith mathematical nicety at regular in- 
tervals, but are scattered and grouped and bunched with the most artistic 
grace. The women of Dauphin county. Pa., contributed a table inlaid 
with historic woods to Mrs. Palmer's office. The table is four feet long 
and thirty inches wide, and is used as the President's desk by Mrs. Palmer 
at all official meetings. Inlaid in tlie table is cedar from I^ebanon, oak 
from the yoke of the lyiberty Bell and red cedar from the railings around 
the cracked herald of freedom, mulberry from^ the John Harris tree, oak 
from the good old ship Constitution, from the house in which the first 
American flag was made, and from Washington's headquarters in Valley 
Forge, wain t from Paxtang Church erected in 1740, from Derry Church 



118 TH^ GREAT BUII^DINGS, ETC. 

built in 1772, and mahog-any from the orig-inal doors of the Pennsylvania 
capitol. 

SCOTCH LADIES' EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building. 

A collection g-athered and put on view at the Imperial institute, Glas- 
gow, previous to being forwarded to Chicago. The wom.en of Argyle sent 
Tartan hose and the women of Aberdeen exhibit socks, gloves, stockings, 
knitted Tartan gloves, embroideries designed in Turkish patterns, and 
embroidered on white panels in blue and flame colored silks in the style 
of the Turkish brocades of the 16th century. Among the antiquarian 
treasures of the exhibit is an embroidered cover from the bed of Patrick, 
Earl of Kinghorn, dated 1660, and loaned by the Countess of Strathmore ; 
a portiere loaned by I^ady Aberdeen, worked about 1740, by Anne, 
Countess of Aberdeen, and specimens of old muslin curtains. The 
Woman's Printing Society exhibits a number of beautiful specimens of 
their work. The more modern branches of women's work are shown by 
the exhibition of black and white drawing of the fashion journals. Wood 
engraving comes from the girls instructed in the Technical Art Schools ; 
embroidered book covers, and some book covers delicately painted on 
vellum, specimens of magnificently embossed leatherwork, etc., are also 
to be found in the exhibit. The ladies who were particularly instru- 
mental in carrying out the work of collecting and arranging the Scottish 
exhibit, were the Countess of Aberdeen, L<ady Scott, the Hon. Mrs. Ver- 
non and Lady Alice lycslie. 

NEEDLEWORK DESIGNS. 

New York room, Woman's building. 

The New York display is very elaborate. There are scrolls of gold silk, 
and peaches, plums, grapes and flowers are beautifully embroidered 
thereon. A table cover of cream satin with a trefoil border inside aad out, 
with a conventional scroll of flowers, is very attractive. Among other 
beautiful exhibits is a sofa pillow of gold silk ; another of watergreen ; a 
bed-spread of cream corded silk, hangings, etc. The display of needle- 
work in the Woman's building is the largest and most beautiful ever made. 

NEW YORK SCHOOL OF DESIGN EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building. 

It consists of wall paper designs in soft delicate colors, designs for 
Indian corn ; designs of silk, to be used for draperies ; designs of peacock 
feathers ; designs for silk fans ; architectural designs, plans for a casino, 
etc. 

HADAGASCAR CURIOS. 

Woman's building. 

Collection made by Frederick Taylor, F. R. G. S., of New York. It 
embraces two masks taken from, members of the tribe of Sakalavas, 
which are worn during their exhibitions of war and murder ; idols made 



THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 119 

partly of wood and partly of bone ; charms in the shape of horns and 
filled with earth, worn as a protection from harm in war ; shells made of 
silk or the brilliant hued Madagascar stripes ; spears that are used in 
war ; caps of the Malagasy soldiers, made of white cloth ; odd looking 
musical instruments, made of gourds and bamboo sticks. 

JOHN BUNYAN'S CUP. 

Woman's building. 

Of solid silver, weighing more than twenty-two avoirdupois ounces, 
and holding a little more than a quart. The heavy lid is held by a hinge 
that laps over the handle. An inscription on the top indicates that it was 
given by Nathaniel Pander to Elizabeth, wife of John Bunyan, of Bed- 
ford, in 1671. The front of the cup bears the words in letters that inter- 
lace each other, " The Pilgrim's Progress." "When Bunyan died the cup 
was given to Rev. Andrew Gifford, pastor of the Baptist church of Bed- 
ford. It has passed through many experiences since, having been sold 
and pawned. It was finally redeemed by Isaac Maynard. Upon the 
death of the latter, it descended to his wife by will, and when she was 
laid away it passed to her daughter, Mrs. Charlotte Maynard Bach, late 
of Robinson, 111. The cup is now owned by her son. 

ITALIAN WOHAN'S EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building, between Japanese and French pavilions. 

Magnificent display of rare laces never before shown outside of Italy. 
They are from the royal household principally. At the rear of the booth 
is an arch over which is spread a drapery of green silk. This is covered 
with the laces to represent a lace Niagara. I^eading up to the arch are a 
number of steps upholstered in red, like the throne room in the Quirinal. 
The design of the room is of the fifteenth century period. The furniture 
was carved in Venice. Two sentinel figures of the same period are pre- 
senting arms toward the lace just inside the wrought-iron gate which 
closes the entrance to the portal. The gate, which was made in Venice, is 
so finely wrought as to represent a piece of delicately woven black lace. 
In the interior of the court is the image of a woman making lace, every 
part of which was carved by women. 

CALIFORNIA WOHAN'S EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building. 

One of the attractions of the Woman s building is the room decorated 
and furnished throughout by California women. The furniture is of red- 
wood, the prevailing tints of the drapery being the soft gray-green of the 
cactus. The walls are decorated with paintings of historic scenes or inci- 
dents in California. California artists were exclusively employed for 
this work. Miss Martha Patterson painted Mt. Hamilton for one of the 
panels. Miss Selina Newman painted a Chinese woman, Mrs. C. A. 
Boland, of San Diego, painted the suicide of a rattle snake. Skins of 
grizzly bears and similar trophies of the chase are thrown on the floor. 
A bust of Mary Anderson Navarro (the retired actress), a native of the 
Golden State, by Rupert Smith, is one of the ornaments of the room. 



120 THE GREAT BUILDINGS, ETC. 

ENGLISH WOHAN'S EXHIBIT. 

Woman's building. 

The Eng'lisli women's contribution includes a number of rare and 
beautiful exhibits. There are photog-raphs of children belonging to wo- 
men who have had a university education. A "Moral Science Baby" is 
among- them. Ther« are nails, bolts, nuts and anvils made by a woman 
blacksmith, and a pair of brown leather boots by a gentlewoman, the 
Hon. Sybil Amherst. Another noblewoman sent silver sconces in re- 
pousse work done by herself. lyady Tenkerville's exhibit shows skill in 
three arts, wood carving, painting and ivory carving. A young lady con- 
tributed a sideboard elaborately carved, and made from wood 300 years 
old. The Princess of Wales is represented by a carved corner chair, 
covered with leather embossed by herself, and her daughters contribute 
pieces in carved wood with embossed leather coverings. Among the 
paintings sent by Knglish ladies is one of Eurydice returning to Hades. 

RUSSIAN WOMEN'S EXHIBIT. 

W3iag,Ti's fciiilding. 

About 3,000 square feet of space is occupied by exhibits made by the 
ladies of Russia. The arrangements for this collection were made by a 
committee of the leading ladies of the Russian Empire. One of the feat- 
ures of interest is an exhibit of lay figures dressed in cos umes showing 
the fashion of peasant girls, and women of every class in the empire. 
Contrasted with this is another group showing court costumes under all 
the various reigns from the earliest days of the empire. The entire ex- 
hibit was shown in the Winter Palace for the inspection of the Kmperor 
and impress before it was shipped to Chicago. 

KASKASKIA RELICS. 

Vv" Oman's building. 

Kaskaskia was once the capital of Illinois. The place exists only as 
a reminiscence now. The river broke through its banks, and cut the 
town off leaving it on an island, which was afterward entirely washed 
away. The relics consist of plate and furniture from the old executive 
mansion, and furniture from the capitol. 

RESCUE DEPARTMENT. 

Woman's building. 

This department is in charge of the Womans' Non-partisan Temper- 
ance Union. The union acts in harmony with the Keeley treatment for 
inebriates. One of the adornments of the section is a magnificent life- 
like portrait of lyeslie 'E/. Keeley, the discoverer of the Double Chloride of 
Gold cure for drunkenness. Information is given here regarding the 
Keeley treatment. The department is in charge of Mrs. N. A. Reed, Jr. 

W. C. T. U. HEADQUARTERS. 

Woman's building, near Rescue department. 

This is in chage of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It is 
intended to illustrate the workings of the great woman's movement in 
behalf of tem-oerance. 



Auxiliary Buildings, Special 
Buildings, Special Exhibits, Etc 




NUMBER OF BUIIvDINGS were erected by the 
Exposition management of great size and cost, as 
auxiliaries to the Exposition buildings proper. 
Among these may be noted : The Music Hall, the 
Choral Hall, the Casino, the Children's building, 
the Eeather building, and so on. Numerous special 
buildings and pavilions erected by private partier 
may be found also within the grounds proper. Among these are: 
The Krupp Gun exhibit, the Puck building, the White Star building, 
the New England Clam Bake building. Cafes, etc. In addition to these 
there are innumerable kiosks and booths, all designed and finished to 
harmonize with the general character of the architecture. The most 
prominent of the structures mentioned here are referred to in the fol- 
lowing pages. 



(122) 



AUXIWARY BUIIvDINGS, ETC. 123 



AUXILIARY BUILDINGS, ETC. 

CASINO PIER. 

Extending into Lake Michigan east of Peristyle 1000 feet. 

Visitors coming to the Exposition on the boats of the World's Fair 
Steamship Company land on the Naval or the Casino pier. By far the 
g-reater number land on the latter. From the boat, and later from the 
pier, a magnificent view of the water front of the exposition may be ob- 
tained. The movable sidewalk extends along the pier and carries 
passengers to the Casino for five cents. This is a novel means of trans- 
portation. Entering the exposition from the pier for the first time the 
visitor beholds a scene the grandeur of which will never be effaced from 
his memory while life lasts. Passing across the Grecian colonnade, the 
Grand Basin and Court of Honor, with the magnificent buildings which 
surround them, bursts upon his view. On the left is the Agricultural 
building, with its beautiful sculptured groups, and the golden figure of 
Diana swinging, as it were, in mid-air; to the right is the southern facade 
of the great Manufactures building ; directly in front is the glorious 
Statue of the Republic ; in the water are numerous electric launches and 
gondolas, gay with color and full of romance and picturesqueness in their 
movements ; to the west is the art triumph of the exposition, the MacMon- 
nies f ountain^ and forming a back ground is the architectural gem of the 
exposition, the Administration building. On all sides are statues, Gre- 
cian columns, banks and terraces of flowers, gay flags and color effects 
which enrapture the beholder. Never before was such a scene presented 
to humanity. One glance at this spectacle would alone compensate the 
lover of the beautiful for a trip from the world's end. It is only one of 
many beautiful views to be obtained, however, although it is the most 
magnificent of them all. 

THE CASINO. 

Location, southern end of Peristyle, facing Court of Honor, and opposite northeaste-n 
comer of Agricultural building. Dimensions. 140 x 240 feet. 

This building is uniform in design with the Music Hall, at the other 
extremity of the Peristyle. The greater part of the first floor is used for 
the comfort of visitors. The northwest corner is used as a receiving room 
for the restaurant and cafe on the floors above. The structure is in the 
hands of a company whose duty it is to see that it is made one of public 
comfort. From the center of the main floor a grand stairway with four 
approaches, leads to the floor above, and this, with an exceptional ele- 
vator service, furnishes easy access to the great feature o^ the Casino, an 
American restaurant. This restaurant is to be what its name signifies, 
a place where all the good things to eat of this continent may be obtained 
at a reasonable price. There is a cafe for ladies or ladies accompanied by 
gentlemen. A great cafe for gentlemen is provided on the floor above. 



AUXIWARY BUILDINGS, ETC. 



MUSIC HALL. 



Liocatiou, northern end of Peristyle, facing Court of Honor and southeastern corner of 
Manufactures building. 

This is the palace in which the great orchestras and soloists of the 
world find a home during the summer. It is designed in accordance with 
the most tasteful regard to what is known as the Roman renaissance, and 
yet it has much of the Grecian in its appearance. The building is three 
stories high. The main entrance is between high Corinthian columns, 
through a broad loggia, and under arched doorways. The auditorium on 
the main floor is oval in shape with a stage at the east or lake end. Di- 
rectly in front of the stage is a level floor space capable of seating, per- 
haps, 1,000 auditors, and back of that rise terrace banks of seats. The 
hall seats 2,500 people and an orchestra of 300. Above the terrace banks 
of seats on the second floor and west front of the building is the recital 
hall. The management of the Exposition subscribed the princely sum of 
$500,000 to cover the cost of music in this Music Hall and the Choral Hall 
referred to elsewhere. The musical directors of the "World's Fair are Theo- 
dore Thomas, William ly. Tomlins and George H. Wilson. These com- 
pose what is known as the Bureau of Music. The cost of the musical ar- 
rangements for the Kxposition exceeds $500,000. This includes appropria- 
tions for Music Hall, Choral Hall, permanent orchestra and permanent 
chorus. The permanent Columbian chorus, which numbers 2,500 mem- 
bers, fills in dates not taken by outside choruses. This and the Colum- 
bian orchestra were formed with the object in view of always having 
material at hand for the proper observance of fete days. Among the 
noted productions included in the programme are : Handel's Messiah, 
Beethoven's ninth symphony, Mozart's requiem mass, Gounod's Redemp- 
tion, McKenzie's "Rose of Sharon," and Sullivan's" "Golden I^egend." 
For the maintenance of a permanent Columbian orchestra of 120 mem- 
bers an appropriation of $175,000 was made by the Exposition manage- 
ment. This orchestra gives daily performances. Under auspices of 
the Board of Eady Managers six conventions of women's amateur musi- 
cal clubs are appointed to he held in the Woman's building. Each con- 
vention will last four days, and the hours for its sessions are so arranged 
that those who attend will have ample time in which to see the fair, and 
hear the great Choral and Orchestral concerts given under the auspices 
of the Bureau of Music. Delegates from all the best musical clubs in 
America will be present. A diploma of honor will be awarded to those 
clubs whose work comes up to the highest standard. 

CHORAL HALL. 

Location, west side of Lagoon, between Horticultural and Transportation buildings. 
Dimensions 260 x S50 feet. 

^ The style of the building is Doric. Its form, which resembles an am- 
phitheater surmounted by a dome, gives the building both externally and 
internally a rounded form, from which project on four sides porticos, the 
one facing the lagoon being the principal entrance and enriched by Doric 
solumns six and one-half feet in diameter. From the portico leads the 



AUXII^IARY BUILDINGS, ETC. 



125 



flight of steps, at the foot of which stand two statues representing Handel 
and Bach. On either side of the portico are panels in relief work, repre- 
senting the progress of music, and in the panels over the doors are relief 
portraits of Gluck, Berlioz, Wagner, Schumann, Schubert, Mozart, Men- 




CHORAL HALL- 



delssohn, Bach, Handel and Beethoven. The interior has the form of a 
Greek theatre, except that the chorus of 2,500 voices occupies the stage. 
There are no galleries of any kind. The building seats 6,500 persons. 
The decorations are in relief work and colors. A foyer extends around 
the building giving ample room for a promenade. [See Music Hall.] 

CHILDREN'S BUILDING. 

Location, west side of Lagoon, between Womans' and Horticultural buildings. 

Although the subject of providing for children an Exhibition Hall of 
their own had been talked of from the inception of the Exposition, it was 
not until the work on the greater part of the large buildings was com- 
pleted that the plans of the projectors began to assume shape. As soon, 
however, as these plans were properly outlined, not only the states of the 
Union, but foreign governments took kindly to the work, and the Exposi- 
tion management appropriated $20,000 for the building itself, and $15,000 
toward furnishing it. The general plan of the building is beautiful 
though simple. It is two stories high, and its roof is constructed with a 
special object of making it a playground for children. There are grasses, 
plants, flowers, birds and butterflies on this roof. The little girls may 
chase butterflies, while the little boys may fly kites from it. In the cen- 
ter of the roof is a fountain with a basin deep enough to float toy boats in. 
Everything that is likely to instruct or amuse children, or to instruct 
parents and those interested in children, in their education, may be found 
in the hall below. A great creche is established here, and it is the pur- 
pose to provide for the children while parents are viewing the sights of 
the Exposition. At a small cost a limited number of children may be left 
here by the hour or day. Careful nurses and attendants will look to the 



126 AUXIWARY BUIIyDINGS, ETC. 

wants of the little ones. It is unnecessary to say that inside of this build- 
ing- may be found toys of every possible description. Foreign govern- 
ments have contributed largely toward the display. The Japanese and 
the Dutch, who are fertile in the invention of amusing- things for children, 
have taken considerable space. There are higher ends than these in 
view. Parents, guardians and teachers will be taught much in the lec- 
tures, to be given by persons who have made children and their habits a 
study. Among the most beautiful of the decorations provided for this 
novel structure are the "Sleeping Beauty in the Wood," with the fatal 
spinning wheel by her side, and the prince forcing his way through the 
briars; the "Boy with the Golden Goose;" Silverhari tasting- the por- 
ridge of the three bears ; the prince putting- the glass slipper on Cinder- 
ella's foot ; little Red Ridinghood on her way to her g-randmother's, and 
Siegfried, the German hero, depicted in his boyhood in the wood. These 
are in panels 10 x 4 feet wide, which are placed in pairs in three of the 
four corners of the large assembly room. Along- the south and east sides 
of the room, between the long- windows are medallions representing- 
various occupations of children, alternating with others in which child 
figures represent the signs of the zodiac. The decorations throughout the 
entire building are of the highest class, and are worthy of notice from all 
visitors. 

KRUPP GUN EXHIBIT. 

Pavilion directly south of Casino, adjoining Convent of La Rabida, fronting Lake Mich- 
igan. 

This great exhibit of ordnance, armor, etc., was sent directly from 
the great Krupp works at Essen, Germany, at the order of the Emperor. 
The pavilion is a handsome one. Here are shown a monster gun of 127 
tons, the largest and most powerful ever cast, as well as a number of 
smaller ones from. 60 tons down. The exhibit includes a large number of 
appliances, both for war and peaceful purposes, such as enormous armor 
plates, immense cast steel steamer rudders and screws, etc. This exhibit 
cost the Krupp Company $500,000. It is made entirely from motives of 
patriotism, and of regard to the United States, without any expectation 
of financial profit. The great Krupp gun has a range of sixteen miles, 
but can be fired with precision only at a range of fourteen miles. Huge 
steel targets are shown in the building which have been penetrated by 
balls from this monster piece of ordnance. These are eighteen inches 
thick. From breech to muzzle the biggest canon in the world measures 
57 feet, and the diameter of its j^awning mouth is sixteen and two-third 
mches. First bored from a solid piece of steel, great rings of similar 
metal are shrunk about it until it is built up enormously thick at the 
breech, and tapering down in graceful lines to the muzzle. A single load 
for this modern preventor of warfare costs $1,100. The carriage on which 
the great gun rests is built of steel, the different parts revolving on ball 
bearings. Cog wheels, levers and multiple chains are so arranged that 
it is easy for the gunner to raise or lower, or turn in any direction the 
long barrel of shining steel. At the rear there are steps leading to the 
platform, on which the gun crew is placed when the piece is in action. 



AUXII,IARY BUII^DINGS, ETC. 



127 



The gun will remain in Chicago after the Fair closes, the gift of the 
Krupp Gun Company. 

SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 

Location, southeastern end of grounds, near Forestry, Krupi) and Anthropological 
buildings. Dimensions, 150 x.WS feet. Cost $100,000. 

This building was erected for the Shoe and I^eather Industry exhibit. 
Leather dealers and manufacturers in all parts of the country contributed 
toward the fund. It was designed by Sandier, an eminent French arch- 
itect. It contains everything in the way of leather and the products of 
leather exhibited at the Fair. The most improved machinery used in 
leather manufacture is shown. The visitor may watch the process from 
the raw hide to a finished shoe or dainty slipper. Rubber goods are also 
shown here. The arrangement of the interior is beautiful. The pavilions 
and show cases are very attractive, forming lines along the aisles of the 
structure. The ladies will be particularly interested in the magnificent 
displays made by the leading manufacturers of the world. 

JAPANESE HOODEN. 

Location, northern end of Wooded Island, opposite Horticultural building, from which it 
is approached by a bridge, spanning a branch of the lagoon. 

The space allotted to the Japanese government for the buildings in 
this group includes about two acres. The cost of the buildings, includ- 
ing the elaboration of the gardens about them, was $100,000. These 
peculiar edifices will be presented to Chicago by the Japanese govern- 




A VIEW OE THE HOODEN. 



128 



AUXILIARY BUILDINGS, ETC. 



ment at the close of the Fair. One of the buildings is a reproduction of 
Kin-Kakuji, situated at Kioto, a monastery of the Zen sect. Its name 
indicates the Golden Pavilion, and the date of the erection of the original 
runs back to 1397, or nearly one hundred years before the discovery of 
America. It is surrounded by a garden with ornamental and small is- 
lands in the form of tortoises. The pavilion on the water's edge is three 
stories high, and the decorations are brilliant with gilding and coloring. 
The second building is a f ac-simile of the Hoo-Do or Phenix Hall, a struc- 
ture which dates back to 1052. It is shaped in a manner designed to rep- 
resent the fabulous bird which could not be destroyed by fire. Japan was 
given 40,000 square feet of space on the Wooded Island, and in addition 
to this 35,000 square feet in the Manufactures building, 4,000 in the Agri- 
cultural Building, 2,000 in the Fine Arts building, 750 in the Mines and 
Mining building, 350 in the Forestry building and 42,000 for her bazaar 
on the Midway Plaisauce. 

HUNTERS' CAMP. 

Known also as the "Davy Crockett Cabin." Location, southern end of Wooded Island, 
opposite Transportation building. 

This cabin is half hidden by the scrub trees at the south end of the 
island, and is nearly in front of the great Mines and Mining building. 
The hut presents a striking contrast to the stately edifices that loom above 
it on all sides. It is filled with relics of Davy Crockett, and of hunting 
and trapper days in Western America. 

SUNDAY SCHOOL BUILDING. 

Stony Island avenue, between 60th and 61st streets. 

This building was constructed by the International Sunday School 
Association at a cost of 3520,000, for the use of Sunday school children and 
teachers during the Fair. 




1 



SUNDAY SCHOOL BUILDING 



AUXILIARY BUII^DINGa, Jb,TC. 129 

PUCK BUILDING. 

Between Woman's and Horticultural buildings. 

A beautiful little pavilion erected by " Puck," a humorous newspaper 
of New York. Interesting processes in the manufacture of illuminated 
newspaper work are shown here. 

LOQQINQ CAMP. 

South of Machinery hall. 

The combined weight of the logs exhibited is 145,000 pounds, and 
Michigan log rollers are in attendance to explain the system of log roll- 
ing, etc. 

FORT DEARBORN. 

South of grounds, near Convent of La Rabida. 

Old Fort Dearborn, or rather the only building remaining of the 
original fort, is on view, with as near an exact imitation of its original 
surroundings as it was possible to obtain. From 1857 to 1889 the old log 
building stood on the northeast corner of 23rd and State streets, where it 
was used as a store, the logs having been covered with boards. When in 
1889 it was advertised for sale, it was purchased by O. Guthrie, W. 
Guthrie and Henry F. Weaver. They gave it to the South Park Com- 
missioners. Henry F. Weavera nd Mrs. I^. B. Shattuck, one of the Board 
of L/ady Managers of the Columbian Commission, were interested in get- 
ting the Commission to allot space for the building at the Fair grounds. 
When the boards were torn off and the logs taken apart a large number 
of arrowheads, knives and other relics of the Indians were found, and 
they are shown in the building. Fort Dearborn was the center around 
which the original town of Chicago sprang into existence. 

ESKIMO VILLAGE. 

Extreme northwestern comer of grounds. 

Here natives of the Polar regions, living as they do at home, may be 
seen by visitors. An additional fee is charged. 

SPECTATORIUM. 

Lake shore, north of Exposition grounds. 

This building covers 360,000 square feet, and is said to have cost 
$500,000 up to the time of its abandonment. It was intended for the pre- 
sentation of great spectacles with oratorio and pantomimic features. 

NEW ENGLAND CLAH BAKE. 

Lake shore, near English building. 

The building occupied by the company operating this establishment 
cost $30,000. It is an artistic structure, two stories high with a casino 
roof. The food is cooked in the same way as in New Fngland coast re- 
ports. During the Fair two special refrigerator cars arrive every day 
with a supply of clams, lobsters and sea fish. 



130 AUXII^IARY BUILDINGS, ETC. 



LOWNEY PAVILION. 

Front of Peristyle. 

One of the most beautiful of the special structures of the Fair. De- 
signed by Atwood. This pavilion was built for the W. H. lyowney Com- 
pany, and is used for the sale of chocolate. 

INDIA TEA HOUSE EXHIBIT. 

Lake shoi'e, front of Manufactures building, Kiosk on pier and booth in British section. 

The exhibit is a beautiful and costly one, the expenditure on the dif- 
ferent booths being- $30,000. Teas are served to visitors. 

FRENCH COLONIAL EXHIBIT. 

Sections of Tunis and other colonies installed near Lake Michigan, south of Agricultural 
building. Algiers installed in Agricultural building. 

The Tonquin building- occupied by the exhibits south of Agricultural 
hall -was originally designed and put together in China, and is the same 
used at the Paris Exposition of 1889. It -was then sold to a French syndi- 
cate -which has exhibited it in various places. It is constructed in the 
form of a rectangle, and is covered -with all sorts of traditional Chinese 
hieroglyphics, some of -which date back beyond the time of Confucius. 
The -windows are of a beautiful blue stained glass. A portion of the in- 
terior is made of walnut, which is carved in picturesque style. This beau- 
beautiful little structure is a reproduction of the palace of Cochin, China. 
All the French colonies of Indo-China, Asia, America and Oceanica have 
their places in this pavilion in a systematic order, which perm.its the 
visitor to catch with a single glance of the eye a complete view of the 
original products of each country. One sees here the silks, the embroidery, 
the sculptural marble, the incrustations and the bronze of Indo-China, 
the pit-coal of Tonquin, the rice of Cochin China, the famous collections 
of the Fmperor of Annam, the costumes of India with their brilliant 
colors, the minerals of New Caledonia — nickel, chrone, cobalt, iron and 
coal, and the rums and sugars of the West Indies. The Algiers pavilion 
in the Agricultural building is a court constructed after the plans made 
by the architect of the Governor General of Algiers. The court, which is 
an exact reproduction of the interior of the Palace of Hiver, where the 
Governor General dwells, is square and surrounded by galleries which 
open into the chambers of the palace. Each face of the court is composed 
of four arcades supported by pillars of white marble. In this pavilion the 
products of Algiers are displayed, her fruits, her oils, her shrubbery and 
her minerals. The total number of exhibitors is 250, and the display is a 
beautiful one. 

PAVILION DE LA TUNISIE. 

Colonial French exhibit. 

This is the largest of the buildings in the French Colonial exhibit, 
southern end of grounds, between Agricultural building and Stock ex- 



AUXIWARY BT7II.DINGS, ETC. 



131 



The building is of the Moorish style 



hibit. It has several apartments 
of architecture, very 
picturesque in a p - 
pearancewith its four 
g-littering- domes, its 
mosque door and its 
side galleries. The 
rear room is used for 
the exhibition of Co- 
lonial furniture. In 
the center is a large 
square hall furnished 
by the Bey of Tunis 
in exact representa- 
tion of a like apart- 
ment in his palace. 
On either side of the 
pavilion, the thirsty 
visitor will find a shed, called " soucks " by the Tunisians, where he may 
obtain cold drinks and tropical fruits. There are several little booths and 
stands about the pavilion from which Tunisian, Algerian and Chinese 
women and children sell oriental trinkets- ( See " French Colonial ex- 
hibit.") 




PAVII^ION OF TUNIS. 



MANITOBA EXHIBIT. 

Stony Island avenue, outside the grounds. 

This is an exposition hall for the display of the products of the north- 
western territories, and a hotel com^bined. 

COCOA EXHIBIT. 

Lake front, near Manufactures building. 

Van Houten & Zoon, the manufacturers of cocoa at Weesp, Holland, set 
apart $100,000 for their exhibit. Their pavilion is in the style of old Hol- 
land architecture of the 15 th century, in which is placed an exhibit con- 
taining paintings, views, bric-a-brac, etc., illustrative of the Netherlands, 
and the life and characteristics of the Dutch people. There is also a 
"Cocoa School" where Dutch maidens, clad in picturesque native attire, 
make delicious cocoa beverages according to the most approved methods, 
and serve it to visitors. 



GOLDEN DOOR CAFE. 

Over central pavilion or Golden Door of Transportation building. 

The doorway forms a triumphal arch on the top of which is a space 
90x100 feet in extent. This space is fitted up as a roof garden and cafe. 
In the center is a finely spraying fountain, from which lead a number of 
paths bounded by tropical palms. In every bend and nook are placed 
small round refreshment tables, such as are found in the retreats of 
Paris. Accommodation is provided for between 250 and 300 guests be 



132 



m GREAT BUII<DINGS, ETC. 



neath a great awning which shields the g-arden from the sun's rays. The 
cafe is reached by eight elevators operated in the octag-onal shaft piercing 
the center of the building. 

GREAT WHITE HORSE INN. 

South of Machinery Hall, near southwest comer of park. 

Chief object of the restaurant was to have something typical of the 
old i^nglish tavern. Over the main entrance is placed the statue of a 
white horse cast from a model made by I^eopold Bonet. The interior 
features are slightly modified from the original. The cooking- strictly 

English. O n 
sC^k •-.. ^ — ~-^-^' a 9 tlie first floor is 

a g-eneral res- 
taurant for the 
benefit of the 
public. On the 
second floor the 
mana g e m e n t 
caters to the 
finest trade, 
and that por- 
tion of the Inn 
is conducted 
somewhat af- 
ter the style of 
the best English clubs. This Inn is also headquarters for Pickwick clubs, 
both in this country and in Europe. The rooms are furnished with sta- 
tione:^/ and a stenographer for the use of guests, leading periodicals of 
Europe and America are kept on file. 

JAPANESE TEA HOUSES. 

Two airy structures near Stone bridge by Brazilian Government House. 

The Japanese make a ceremony of their tea drinking, and the smaller 
of the two summer houses is fitted up elaborately with all the parapher- 
nalia demanded by custom. The larger of the two occupies a space about 
20x20; the smaller, scarcely larger than a good sized cabinet in a bou- 
doir — occupying only 132 square feet. The decoration is most elaborate,^ 
especially in the carvings. It took 600 men over two months to make the 
structures, and every piece in them, carving, joinery and carpentering, is 
hand work. After the arrival of the pieces a month was required, and 
100 men employed putting them together. Cost of the building $8,500. 




GREAT WHITE HORSE INN. 



nODEL HOSPITAL. 

Lawn near Womans' building. 

This hospital is conducted as a Homeopathic Institution. 
hibit, and is also used for practical purposes. Cost 3^20,000. 



It is an ex- 



AUXIWARY BUIUDINGS, ETC. 13i 

HERCHANT TAILORS' BUILDING. 

Near Fisheries building. 

A structure erected by Merchant Tailors' Association. It is 55 feet 
square with a portico, and is worthy of a visit. 

SERVICE BUILDING. 

Rear of Choral Hall. 

Here the minor of&ces of the E^xposition, the Bureau of Admissions 
and Collections, the Bureau of Public Comfort, etc., are located. 

BUREAU OF PUBLIC COMEORT. 

There is maintained in the Ejxposition for the benefit ot visitors a de- 
partment known as the Bureau of Public Comfort. This bureau is or- 
ganized for the purpose of contributing to the convenience and comfort 
of visitors within the exposition grounds. There are several branches 
located throughout the grounds, but the principal ofELces may be found in 
the Casino and Service buildings. This bureau will give you information in 
relation to rooms, price of hotel fare, private boarding house rates, etc., 
and affords meeting places, resting places, etc. The main object of the 
bureau is to provide against any serious inconvenience to strangers, and 
no visitor need hesitate about making such inquiry as may be necessary. 
If you are in doubt as to location consult the Columbian Guards. You 
are entitled to a civil answer and to such information as you may require. 

COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE. 

Near western boundary, north of Transportation exhibit. 

This building is used for the manufacture of ice and the safe storage 
of perishable food. It is open to visitors. 

MOVABLE SIDEVi^ALK. 

Casino Pier. 

A movable sidewalk extends from the peristyle to the end of the 
steamboat pier. It is 4,500 feet in length. It is designed principally to 
carry steamboat passengers to the shore. Fare S cents. 

POLICE STATION. 

East side of Lake avenue, north of 53rd street 

This is a model police office, erected with special reference to the 
World's Fair. It includes quarters for patrol wagon, ambulance, and a 
full force of policemen. 

GEYSER EXHIBIT. 

In California building. 

Sonoma County, Cal., sends a representation of the Geysers, one of 
the great natural curiosities of the State. The model is 32 feet long, 28 
feet wide, and 18 feet high. One of the great spouting caldrons of steam 



134 AUXIIvIARY BUII.DINGS, ETC. 

is represented by real rock and imitation staff, while a background is 
painted to represent the most picturesque view of the canon, from which 
scores of Geysers arise. Artificial lights in various colors reproduce the 
peculiar play of color seen in the gorge. The semblance of the hot 
springs is made by the use of steam pipes. In the foi?eground is placed a 
huge allegorical figure of "The Demon of the Geysers," modeled by 
Rupert Schmid. 

VVOHAN'S CORN KITCHEN. 

In Illinois building. 

In this kitchen is illustrated the many palatable and delicious forms 
the great staple of the country can be made to take on in the hands of a 
good cook. Careful inquiry into the subject develops the fact that there 
are more than 100 different methods of preparing corn for the table. 

nONTANA FOUNTAIN. 

West vestibule Womans' building. 

It consists of a base of granite 3x4 feet, 6 inches high. On this base 
are arranged many valuable and beautiful ores, specimens of quartz, 
crystals, etc. The capital is com.posed of small pieces of rose quartz, and 
on this is placed a silver shell lined with gold, 27 inches across the widest 
part. A vine and flowers of silver, the flowers colored by electric process 
to match the natural ore, starts from the base and winds around the 
column. 

SILVER BUILDING. 

Gallery of Horticultural building. 

A silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, exhibits an exact reproduction 
in silver of the Horticultural building. It is eight feet wide, contains a 
quantity of silver valued as bullion at $10,000, and is valued at $20,000, 

ELECTRIC BUOYS. 

To be seen along lake shore for ^ distance of seven miles during progress of the Expo- 
sition. 

This forms a feature of the Government exhibit, and is in charge of 
Captain V7. S. Schley, U. S. N. These lights are supplied from a power 
station erected at one end of the line. The exhibit is in the nature of an 
experiment and cost about $25,000. 

MUMMIES. 

Anthropological building. 

A great collection of mummies may be seen here. They Tvere gath- 
ered mostly in Peru. 

ILLINOIS AQUARIA. 

In Illinois building. 

A magnificent display is made by the Illinois Fish Commission in the 
Illinois State building. 



AUXIWARY BUILDINGS, EJTC. 13S» 

GRANT RELICS. 

Illinois building and Government building. 

There are two displays of relics or ttiementoes of tlie late Gen. Grant 
exhibited. The first is contained in the Illinois building, and includes 
numerous articles which once belonged to the famous general ; the second 
is in the government building, and includes the presents which he re- 
ceived during his celebrated trip around the world, and which afterward 
were turned over to William K. Vanderbilt inpayment of a debt, growing 
out of the failure of his son. 

LINCOLN RELICS. 

In Illinois building. 

A great collection of I^incoln relics may be found in the historical 
department of the Illinois building. Many of these were collected in his 
Qld home at Springfield. 

LIBERTY BELL. 

Pennsylvania building. 

This historic bell was brought from Philadelphia to Chicago with 
great ceremony at the opening of the Fair. It is the bell that rang out 
the tidings of liberty from Independence Hall on July 4, 1776. It weighs 
2,080 pounds. Was originally hung in 1752. The break in its side oc- 
curred on July 8, 1835, while tolling for the death of Chief Justice 
Marshall. It attracts many visitors to the Pennsylvania building. 



Foreign Headquarters. 



2V^^Xy\^ INETEKN FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS are 
represented by beautiful buildings or head- 
quarters in the Columbian Exposition. The 
foreig-n group is located east of the North 
Pond on the shore of Eake Michigan, be- 
tween the State group and the north inlet 
and Naval pier. Beginning at the southern 
end the first building is that of Great Britain, 
xnown as Victoria house. Passing toward the north the visitor will come 
upon the Canadian, the New South Wales, the Haytian, the Spanish, 
the East Indian, the Siamese, the German, the Austrian, the Nor- 
wegian, the Cingalese, the French, in the order named. These struc- 
tures are all costly and beautiful. While not exhibit buildings in 
the strict sense of the word, they are all filled, nevertheless, with 
rare and beautiful things, which may be examined by visitors. 




(138) 



FOREIGN he;adouarte;rs. 139 

FOREIGN HEADQUARTERS. 

AUSTRIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

Austria, in addition to her building- on the lake shore, has a beautiful 
pavilion on Columbia avenue in the Manufactures building, and also an 
exhibit on Midway Plaisance. In her headquarters there are some very 
attractive exhibits. 

BRAZILIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

One of the handsomest buildings among those of foreign nations. 
Brazil is represented in all departments. In one of the court yards of the 
Brazilian building is erected a pyramid showing the gold extracted from 
mines from. 1720 to 1810, amounting to 41 tons. 

CANADIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This is a building of the pavilion style, surrounded by a balcony. A 
dome rises from the front center. It is used almost exclusively as a head- 
quarters. 

CEYLON BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This building is located between those of France and Germany. It 
was erected by native Cingalese workmen, and contains many beautiful 
exhibits. The building is one story with a pointed tower rising from the 
center. The exterior workmanship is very attractive. 

COSTA RICA BUILDING 

Foreign group. 

This building is in the form of an Aztec temple. It stands on the 
east shore of the North Pond. It is worthy of a visit. 

ENGLISH BUILDING. 

Foreign group — Known popularly as " Victoria House." 

Ejnglish headquarters at the Exposition. One-fourth of the English 
government grant was expended in the erection and equipment of the 
British headquarters. It is named in honor of the English Sovereign, 
and is a graceful acquisition to the graceful architecture of the grounds. 
It is, however, a modern house, and in its construction terra cotta and red 
brick are largely used. The upper portion is of half timber construction 
with overhanging and projecting gables. The plan forms three sides of 
a quadrangle, with the open side next the lake enclosed by a raised ter- 
race with balustrade. The interior arrangements are costly and beautiful. 



FORmcN he;adquarters. 




VICTORIA HOUSK. (BRITISH Bmi.DING.) 

FRENCH BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This building- stands close to those of Germany and Ceylon. It covers 
a triangular piece of ground, 250 x 175 feet, is built in the style of the re- 
naissance, and is but one story high, with two pavilions, separated in 
front by a broad court yard, and connected in the rearby curved open col- 
onnades, forming a promenade gallery. The "City of Paris" is a part 
of the French building. This exhibit is separate and distinct from the 
exhibit of the Government of France. There are forty views of Paris 
shown here, all the works of master artists, arranged under the Ionic 
porticoes which connect the French Government exhibit with that of 
Paris. They show the principal points of interest in the capital of France. 
The Ionic portico forms three sides of an atrium, and in the open space a 
garden is laid out by the chief landscape gardner of the City of Paris. 
The church of Notre Dame, the great boulevards, the Tuileries, the Ville 
de Paris, or City Hall, the pantheon, and the Place de la Concorde are 
among the views shown. Aside from these statistical matters with rela- 
tion to the City of Paris are very numerous. In the French pavilion 
proper, there are beautiful specimens of fine art work, architecture, etc. 



QERriAN BUILDING. 

Facing lake front northeast of Government building. 

The architectural design is a transition from the renaissance to the 
Columbian period, embodying in the whole a composite of the German 
school of today. It has a peaked roof surmounted by a clock tower on 
each corner, in which are heroic figures representing the industries of the 
em.pire. See " German Chimes." The exterior is attractive. The roof 
is painted in imitation of many colored tiles, and the outer walls are 
decorated after the manner of the old German houses, with the imperial 



FOREIGN HEADOUAR'TERS. 141 

eagles and alleg-orical figures. At three different corners of the structure 
are three lesser towers, in which are hung three bells, which were present- 
ed to the Commission by the ten year old Crown prince of Germany. The 
interior of the building is no less attractive than the exterior Here may 
be seen exhibits of the printer's art, church goods, historical ornaments 
and the offices of the German commission. The main room is fitted up 






-M 



GKKMAN EUII^JDING. 



as a library, and the books displayed exhibit many beautiful styles in 
binding. Adjoining the library is a large room decorated in imitation 
of an old castle hall. Here are collected many valuable relics. The room 
of the commission is beautifully furnished and contains many articles 
worth seeing. A gilt clock ten feet high is among the number. The de- 
sign is after one of the spires of the Strasburg Cathedral. The contri- 
bution made by the Emperor of Germany consisting of historical jewels, 
relics, etc., are exhibited here. A complete list of them is given: Gol- 
den goblet, enameled with jewels ; dedicated to His Majesty Emperor 
William II. Among the articles dedicated to His Majesty Emperor 
"William I will be found a medal of the Royal Academ.y of Arts ; con- 
gratulatory address of the city of Berlin on the occasion of His Majesty's 
return from the war of 1866 ; addresses of the province of Silesia, city of 
Munich, on the occasion of their majesties' golden wedding of 1879 ; con- 
gratulatory addresses of the city of Cologne, cities of Silesia, women of 
Cologne, subjects of the Enipire on the occasion of His Majesty's nine- 
tieth birthday. Articles dedicated to His Majesty Emperor Frederick III, 
congratulatory addresses of the province of Saxony, city of Nuremburg 
and city of Berlin, on the occasion of their majesties' silver wedding in 
1883. Silver bowl presented by the nobility of Schleswig-Holstein to his 
royal highness Prince Henry of Prussia, on the occasion of his wedding. 
Gifts of honor and addresses to his highness. Prince Bismarck, silver 
table service, shield of honor (silver); bowl dedicated by German students, 



142 



FOREIGN h:eadquartkrs. 



copper tankard, patents of honorary citizenship to the cities of Berlin, 
Bremen, Cologne, Dresden, Drulsberg-, Hamburg, Hanau and L<auenberg. 
Gifts of honor and addresses to General Count Von Moltke, field marshal 
staff, patents of honorary citizenship of the cities of Hamburg, Munich 
and Mersburg. Shrine of addresses, ebony and silver, shield of honor, 
votive tablet. Prizes of honor awarded by His Majesty the l^mperor of 
Germany for army, hunting, races and regattas, silver ships and goblets, 
bust of His Majesty Umperor William II (silver), silver bowl (embossed), 
silver clock, silver cup with socle, enameled and gilded ; silver dollar 
platter, silver dollar cup. Silver table service in the shape of a sleigh, 
enameled ; silver goblet, shield of honor, casette, ebony with silver ; en- 
ameled silver table service, shells and alabaster ; bronze group, " The 
Daily Press," glass goblet, polished ; stone vase, set in bronze ; portraits 
of their Imperial Majesties the Umperor and E^mpress of Germany, bronze 
with frame of gold bronze. Galvano-plastic imitations of old Germ.an 
goldsmith work, mostly from the silverware property of the city of lyune- 
burg, at present in the Musrum of Industrial Art, Berlin ; cups, cans and 
basins of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the room of Gabriel 
Seidl are exhibited a red marble vase, rich bronze mountings ; reliquiarium, 
ebony, with lapislazuli, enameled with silver work; figures of St. George, 
gilded bronze ; table service ; casette, ebony with silver ; silver globe, 
stag clock, scenting bottle, cup in the shape of a thistle, silver ; wine 
pitcher, aquarium, glass and silver ; crucifix, silver and crystal. Prop- 
erty of the EJniperor of Germany, exhibited as a part of the exhibition of 
Baden : Wrought iron screen for stove, enam^eled ; Schwarzwald clock. 
Property of His Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of 
Baden : Grand silver table service, small table service, chandelier, and 
case for reception of documents, a gilded silver dish, silver cup, clock, 
fans, casette, carved in wood. 



GUATEMALIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

One of the handsomest buildings among those of foreign nations. It 




■Hlllllllliii;;,,,,!-' -iiiiiii"!'.! "■'''" %'i-.i^->^ 



' il1"'"Hflir 



GUATEMALAN REPUBWC BUII^DING. 



FOREIGN HEADQUARTERS. 143 

occupies a beautiful position on the east shore of the North Pond, Its 
architectural style is attractive, and it contains exhibits worth seeing. 

HAYTIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

One of the prettiest structures in the foreign section. Pavilion 
shaped. Cost $20,000. It is filled with curiosities and beautiful things. 

NEW SOUTH WALES BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This is a square structure surrounded by a Grecian colonnade, with 
central dome. It is one of the most attractive of the foreign structures, 
though one of the smallest. New South Wales is represented in a 
splendid manner in every department of the l^xposition. 

NICARAGUA BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This building is located south of the Guatemalian structure, east of 
the North Pond. It is an attractive little building and contains many 
curiosities. 

NORWEGIAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

Erected by the State government of Norway, independent of the 
Sweedish building ; one of the most beautiful buildings in the foreign 
group. Style of architecture purely Norse. 

SWEDISH BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

The building was made to conform to the space that it might be 
utilized to the utmost. A hexagon was inscribed at the center of the 
space, and here the main hall was located. In the three corners are 
rooms of considerable size. Galleries run around the building. The 
main hall is 65 feet across, and the pitch of the cupola, which rises above 
it, is 70, feet, and above the cupola is a spire. The Swedish flag is un- 
furled from, the flagstaff above the spire 150 feet from the ground. The 
entire area of the floor is 11,000 square feet. The building was construct- 
ed in Sweden, where it was contemporarily put together. Afterwards it 
was taken apart and brought to Chicago. Its cost was about $40,000. 
The design of the building is partly the product of the architect's personal 
taste and fancy, but in working out the drawings he has, to a great ex- 
tent, allowed himself to be guided by the style of Swedish churches and 
gentlemen's houses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As far 
as possible the characteristics of the old Swedish architecture have been 
retained. The lower part of the fron : wall of the building forms an ex- 
hibit of its own, consisting of modern brick, terra cotta and cement work, 
from the most prominent manufacturers of Sweden. The remainder of 
the building is entirely of wood, all the work being done by the Ijskel- 
stuna Iraforadlingsaktiebolag in Sweden. Following the old Swedish 
fashion, the whole of the roof and walls are covered with shingles. The 



144 FORKIGN HEIADOUARTERS. 

outside of the woodwork is impregnated with a preserving- liquid to pre- 
vent decay. The inside of the pavilion is painted in light colors and 
richly decorated with bunting, coats of arms and crests. A fine exhibit 
of the world-famed Swedish iron ore is made. A display of the manu- 
factured products of iron, China goods, and glass products are well rep- 
resented in the pavilion. There is also a liberal space for gold and silver 
ware, and wood pulp products. A further attraction is an excellent rep- 
resentation of a genuine Swedish home with beautiful suites of furniture 
and highly artistic drapery. Exactly opposite the main entrance of the 
building is a large picture of the capital of Sweden, " The Venice of the 
North," .with its famous royal castle. "Wax figures stand in front of this 
picture dressed in the picturesque garb of the Swedes, and to one side is 
a panorama of Swedish landscape, while the other side is occupied by a 
Swedish peasant's cottage. In the outdoor sports exhibit are skates, snow 
shoes, sleighs, canoes and yachts. A carefully executed bust of Gustavus 
Adolphus II has also been placed in this room. In the galleries are ex- 
hibits illustrative of the school S3^stem, which are admittedly of the first 
rank. Embroideries and needlework displays will attract lady visitors 
who will also be pleased with the Swedish women's work in the Woman's 
building, under the patronage of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden and 
Norway. The office of the chief Swedish commissioner, Arthur Leffler, 
is at the north end of the Swedish building. 

SIAH BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

Eocation, west of German building. A beautiful and a novel struc- 
ture. Well worthy of a visit. 

SPANISH BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

An imitation of the style of architecture of the time of Columbus. A 
square building of solid frame with corner tower. Has somewhat the ap- 
pearance of a convent. Is filled with treasures of art, relics, etc. 

TURKISH BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

This is one of the most attractive of the foreign headquarters. Turkey 
is well represented in every department of the exposition. 

VENEZUELAN BUILDING. 

Foreign group. 

A one-story edifice of white marble, in the Graeco-Roman style, sur- 
rounded by gardens, containing rare and beautiful plants and orchids. 



state Headquarters and Displays. 




HE BUIIvDINGS ERECTED by the States of 
the Americari Union are all attractive. Many 
of them have been erected at great cost. Some 
of them, including- the buildings of the States 
of Illinois, California, Pennsylvania and New- 
York, are deserving of rank among the great 
buildings of the Exposition. No visitor should 
leave Chicago without taking a trip through 
these beautiful buildings. The ladies of the 
several States have contributed in a very great 
measure toward the decoration of the interiors, 
toward the collection of exhibits and toward the arrangement of the 
displays. The State buildings, or headquarters, are all grouped 
around the lagoon and Art galleries in the northern portion of the 
grounds. The New England States are grouped on the lake shore. 
The buildings of the southern States are grouped toward the center 
of the State colony. The buildings of the western States run from 
the Fifty-seventh street entrance and form a semi-circle around the 
northern extremity of the grounds. It would be impossible to give 
a list of exhibits in all these various buildings. In some cases men- 
tion is made of particular displays. The compiler must be content 
with repeating the advice that visitors do not overlook these struc- 
tures when visiting the Exposition. 



(146) 



stai'e; he;adquartkrs, e;xc. 147 

STATE HEADQUARTERS AND DISPLAYS. 

ARKANSAS BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

This structure has an elliptical entrance from a large circular ve- 
randa, which runs the width of the building- on the first floor. The object 
of Mrs. Frank Douglas, the designer, and to whom belongs the credit of 
promoting the building enterprise, was to carry out as far as possible, a 
French "rococco" style of architecture, as Arkansas was originally set- 
tled by the French. In this the lady has been surprisingly successful. 
The interior is tinted and decorated, and all ornamental staff work has 
been brought out in gold. The flooring in the assembly room is of native 
woods — hard wood and yellow pine. Here may be seen a mantel of 
Arkansas white onyx, while columns and vases of onyx and marble are 
placed in various parts of the building. One of the most interesting 
features, from an artistic standpoint, is the fountain of Hot Springs 
crystals in the rotunda. This was donated by the ladies of Hot Springs, 
who raised $1,000 for the purpose. It has a basin of 10 feet in diameter, 
and is illuminated by electricity. The interior is decorated bountifully 
and beautifully with the choicest products of Arkansas, flowers, marble 
busts and statuary, paintings and minerals. 

CALIFORNIA BUILDING. 

Fifty-ninth, street entrance, immediately to the left. 

This structure is one of the most attractive and unique on the grounds. 
It is characteristic of the Golden State, and particularly representative 
of the old Spanish days before California became a part of the American 
Union. The building is a composite structure in style representing both 

the old Adobe 
mission, with 
enough Moorish 
in its architecture 
to relieve the 
somewhat sombre 
effect. There is a 
charming simplic- 
ity of details 
throughout. The 
visitor sees from 
the outside a clear 
story with a great 
flat central dome 
as the crowning 
feature and the 
roof garden to 

heighten the semi-tropical effect. From the ground to the eaves is 50 feet, 
and to the highest point of the roof proper, 65 feet, while the dome has 
an elevation of 80 feet. The portions of the roof not devoted to the gar- 



r^* 

S 't 




1^' 


■j--.'-«si 


t:L___^„" 





CALIFORNIA BUILDING. 



148 



state; headquarters, etc. 



den are closely copied from the quaint adobe buildings of the early 
Spanish settlements, with g-enuine earthenware tiles, deep red in color, 
semi-cylindrical and overlapping. The dome and middle portion are 
tiled with iron plates, curled and shaped like the original roofing. The 
material of the walls is wood, staff covered, in imitation of the yellowish 
Adobe of the old age. On the four corners and flanking the dome are 
tower's designed after the Mission belfrey, and in them are swung some 
of the old Spanish bells that have outlived the Pades and their crumbling 
churches. The interior carries a gallery giving an area equal to two- 
thirds of the ground floor. This is set apart for offices, which are grouped 
so as to command a clear view of the main floor. The ground plan is one 
vast exhibition hall in which is displayed the products which have made 
California famous. Total floor space 100,000 square feet, of which the 
gallery affords 40,000, the extreme measurements of the building being 
600 X 110 feet main width. Cost of the building $75,000. 



COLORADO BUILDING 

Fifty-ninth street entrance. Take first avenue to left. 

A granite and 
marble palace. 
The Colorado Mar- 
ble and Mining 
Company contrib- 
uted the material 
for the building. 
The people of Col- 
orado were early 
in the field and in 
addition to the 
production of a 
beautiful building- 
they have filled it 
with specimens of 
the mineral, agri- 
cultural and the 
industrial products of the State in great abundance. 

CONNECTICUT BUILDING. 

Fifty-seveuth street entrance. Lake shore, third building to your right. 

This handsome structure faces the lake. I^ike the other buildings of 
the New England group it is colonial in style. Cost $9,870, and built en- 
tirely of Connecticut material. The interior is finished after the usual 
headquarters and club fashion, and contains many beautiful and useful 
things as well as relics and art treasures. 




COLORADO BUILDING. 



DELAWARE BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Third avenue to left. 

Dimensions 58 X 60 feet; cost, $7,500. Built by private subscription 



STATE HKADOUARTERS, ETC. 



149 



of citizens of Delaware. 



Constructed wholly of native woods and ma- 

^__„ — .r,-^^ terials. Principal 

I feature, a room 
fitted up in colo- 
nial style with 
h anging-s, pictures 
and furniture, all 
in representation 
of colonial days. 



FLORIDA BUILDING. 

Fifty - seventh street 
entrance. Second 
avenue to left. 

Lrocation, ex- 
treme northwest- 
ern part of the 




dei«aware; buii^ding. 



grounds, to the left of entrance marked in route on map. Modeled after 
old Fort Marion, one of the most picturesque as well as the oldest struc- 
ture in America, and an interesting relic of Spanish conquest in the New 

World. The form 
of the building 
renders it pecu- 
liarly well adapt- 
ed for the display 
of Florida's varied 
resources, the 
moat and rampart 
affording an op- 
portunity for a 
series of sunken 
and hanging gar- 
dens of remarka- 
ble interest. Cost 
of building and 
Florida exhibit, 
$100,000. 




FLORIDA BUILDING. 



IDAHO BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Second avenue to left. 

This is a colonial building with balconies ; rather a novel structure. 
The entrance is from grade level and through a large arch. The visitor 
should not overlook this structure. The Mica Hall in the interior is some- 
thing in itself extremely novel and wonderful. Mica for practical use is 
found in but one other state in the Union — North Carolina. Idaho has 
the finest mica in the world, and sheets 12 x 20 inches are taken out of the 
McConnell mine in I^atah county, that are almost as clear as glass. The 
owners of this mine donated $3,000 worth of mica for the decoration of the 
hall. The windows and panels in the doors are made of mica, and the 



150 



state; headquarters, etc. 



wainscoting and other woodwork is covered with the same material. This 
hall runs transversely through the second story of the building, and at 
each end opens out onto a broad veranda. In addition to the mica hall, 
the interior of the building is ruade interesting by the display of the beau- 
tiful specimens from the agate fields. Sapphires, onyx, gold and other 
minerals are displayed in abundance. 



ILLINOIS BUILDING. 

Fifty-ninth street entrance, left hand side. 

This is the greatest State building of the group, and ranks among the 
main buildings of the Exposition. It occupies one of the most favored 
spots on the grounds, where to the south a view is afforded the visitor of 
nearly one mile over the beautiful lagoon, the wooded island and the great 
buildings of the Exposition in perspective. Cost of building $250,000. 
Height with its dome 200 feet. Grand entrance faces the waterway. The 

structure is placed 
on a terrace four 
feet high, and in 
front of the en- 
trances there are 
stone terraces 
with railings and 
sub-structure. 
The main features 
are the terraces 
north and south, 
the south more im- 
portant of the two, 
as from this point 
may be seen a 
panorama of near 
ly all of the great 
main buildings, as well as of the beautiful waterway and the Japanese 
buildings on the wooded island. The building is embellished with fine 
carving and statuary, the material being cast blocks of improved com- 
position. To some extent it is modeled after the State Capitol of Illinois 
at Springfield. Its dome has been somewhat severely criticised because 
of its want of proportion, but this, however, is due to the fact that it is 
out of proportion not to the Illinois building itself, so much as to the 
great domes of the main buildings. The building is splendidly lighted 
and ventilated. Inside this building may be found exhibits of the pecu- 
liar products, industries and arts of Illinois. There is a great display of 
native woods in the pavilion structures ; a magnificent grotto, topograph- 
ical, geographical and educational exhibits. The building is open to all 
at all hours. The memorial hall and school are worthy of a visit. Foun- 
tains and flowers decorate the adjacent grounds, and the allegorical 
statuary of the building is particularly worthy of notice. 




II^LINOIS BUII.DING. 



Sl'ATK hejadouarTUrs, etc. 



151 



INDIANA BUILDING. 

Fifty-nlntli street entrance. First avenue to left. 

This structure cost $25,000, is built of Indiana material exclusively, 
and contains about 6,000 square feet of floor space. The outside walls are 

. _ of stone, pressed 

i brick and terra 

cotta ; the roof of 
tile and iron. In- 
side finish highly 
ornamental, of 
piate, beveled and 
looking glass, 
hardwood and en- 
caustic tile. The 
building serves 
the purposes of 
displaying in its 
construction the 
building mater- 
ial of Indiana, as 
an exhibit of In- 
diana's products, and a club house for the residents of the State and their 
guests at the Exposition. It has ladies' and gentlemen's rooms, lavatories, 
baggage rooms, dining and lunch rooms, etc. 




INDIANA BUILDING. 



*'««a2s;?'.;W'>a*'»'.'. '#m«;si"W!?i; 



IOWA BUILDING. 

First avenue to your left. Extreme northeastern corner of grounds, lake shore. 

The main building is directly in the rear of the original Jackson Park 
pavilion. It has a frontage on the Esplanade of 200 feet, while, with the 
pavilion, which is used as the '" Corn Palace '' it has a lake front spread 
of 250 feet. The main building is two stories high and 180x60 feet. The Ex- 
hibition Hall is 123 
x77 ft. and its ceil- 
ing 20 feet in the 
clear. Imm.ense 
galleries are con- 
structed to a c - 
commodate thou- 
sands of people. 
The decoration of 
the Corn Palace is 
lie of the most 
nique features to 
be found in the 
state group. The 
exhibit is made in 
the form of a min- 
iature model of 



ia^i^k,,', 



IOWA BUILDING. 



152 state; he;adqtjarters, etc. 

the Iowa State Capitol building, is constructed of a framework of 
steel with porticos, columns and a lavish use of glass, with com- 
partments for the reception of samples of grain and seeds grown and 
contributed by the farmers of Iowa. The Corn Palace, as has been said, 
is the old Jackson Park pavilion, remodeled and to some extent, enlarged. 
The main hall is decorated in all sorts of colors and with fantastic figures 
composed of Iowa grains, grasses and minerals. Entering the main hall 
the visitor sees a magnificent dome hung with corn of every color. On 
the walls of the room are bas-reliefs of agricultural figures done in grains 
and grasses. There are also a number of supporting columns covered 
with grains. There is more of the unique and the curious than of the 
aesthetic and the artistic to be witnessed within this hall. As an evidence 
of what may be accomplished in a decorative way by the use of such 
material, the exhibit is certainly a wonderful one. The designer, how- 
ever, has at times overreached himself in attempts to produce impossible 
figures. At any rate, the Iowa Corn Palace will attract an extraordinary 
amount of attention and not a Httle admiration even from the most crit- 
ical visitors. 

KANSAS BULD'NQ. 
Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

The building is cruciform in design, two stories high, and cost 
$30,000, construct- 
ed entirely of Kan- 
sas material. It 
has a floor area of 
13,935 square feet. 
The building i s 
132 feet from point 
to point each wa;v , 
surmounted by an 
oblong glass 
dome. It is hand- 
some as regards 
its interior and 
exterior. It con 
tains an elegau 

reception room Kansas building. 

for women. The 

main front entrance is through a sixteen-foot arch. 

KENTUCKY BU'LD'NQ. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

This is a typical representation of a Southern Colonial mansion, one 
of the distinctive features of which is great pillared porches or verandas. 
Exclusive of these porches the building measures 75 x90 feet. It is fin- 
ished elegantly, and contains the usual accessories of a club house. 
One of the features of the Kentucky building is a magnificent dis- 
play of its peculiar liquid product. The citizens of Kentucky con-- 





t ■ 




i 


i 


1^^" 


^ 


' 


m 


W^___ 




* 



state; headquarters, etc. 



153 



tributed largely and wisely toward making their State building credita- 
ble and attractive. 




HAINE BUILDING. 

Fifty - seventh street 

entrance. Third av- 
enue to your left. 

The material in 
this building, 
which is of the Co- 
lonial style, was 
furnished e x c 1 u^- 
sively by the State 
of Maine. Cost of 
the structure, SlO,- 
000. It is fitted up 
principally as a 
club house and 
State headquar- 
ters, while it con- 
tains many relics, 
curiosities and historic treasuers worthy of the atattention of the gen- 
eral visitor. 

MARYLAND BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Third avenue to your left. 

It is a structure on the Colonial style of architecture, including a 
center building of two stories, with a wing on each side, of the same 
height. The wings, and a portion of the first floor of the main building 
are used as exhibition halls. The first floor of the main building contains 
reading rooms and rooms for ladies. The second floor is similarly ar- 
ranged for the use of men. Cost $35,000. 




MASSACHUSETTS 
BUILDING. 

Fifty - seventh street 

entrance. Sixth 

TDuilding to your 
left. 

This structure is 
modeled after the 
Hancock house, 
for many years a 
familiar land- 
mark on Beacon 
street, Boston. 
The building 
is constructed of 
Massachusetts 



MASoALllUbCXIS i;Uli^lJl>T 



154 STAT:e HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 

granite. An ancient fore-court, enclosed with a fence, is filled 
■with the most noted flowers of the Bay State. In many respects 
this reproduction of John Hancock's residence is considered to be one 
of the most artistic building's in the north end of the grounds. It is 
strictly colonial in style. Inside may be seen oil portraits of the men 
whose names are associated with the history of the oldest colony and 
State of the Union. Beginning in 1623 the series of portraits of famous 
men continues up to recent years. Those of John Kndicott and Robert 
Winthrop occupy conspicuous places. Among those which will attract 
most attention are the portraits of "Wendell Phillips, Thomas Adams, 
Daniel Webster and Charles Sumner. Besides the portraits the building 
contains many notable works of art, relics and curiosities, particularly of 
the Colonial and Revolutionary period. 



niSSOURI BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventti street entrance. Third building to your left. 

Dimensions 90x110 feet. The main portion rises to a height of 60 
feet and is surmounted by a tower 140 feet high. Cost $40,000. The 
building is graceful in outline and handsome in proportions. Style of 
architecture, Spanish renaissance, somewhat modified to give the most 
harmonious effect. All the material used in the building is strictly the 
product of that State. On the first floor is a large rotunda, floored with 

mosiac tiling. 
I^eading from this 
are the offices of 
the Commission- 
ers and State and 
City bureaus of 
information. On 
the second floor 
are parlors, recep- 
tion rooms, lava- 
tories reading 
rooms, etc. The 
rooms are arrang- 
ed with folding 
doors, so that they 
can all be thrown 
into one, making 

an auditorium which will seat 2,500 people. The women of the State of 
Missouri provided the furniture of this building, and Missouri artists 
decorated it. No State in the Union has succeeded in making a more 
tasteful showing or a more instructive one. It is filled with works of art, 
specimens of Missouri's products, relics, curiosities, maps, charts, educa- 
tional exhibits, etc. The great cities of Missouri have vied with each 
other in an unselfish effort to the making of this club house one of the 
most beautiful of the State group. 




MISSOURI BUII.DING. 



state; headquarters, etc. 



155 



MICHIGAN BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Take first avenue to right. 



This structure 
represents an out- 
lay of about $50,- 
000. Dimensions 
100x140 feet. Con- 
structed wholly of 
Michig-an mater- 
ial. It is finished 
elaborately and 
contains many ex- 
hibits worthy of 
attention. On the 
second floor are 
two large exhibi- 
tion halls, where 
the visitor may 

find Michigan relics, native curiosities, and an assembly room. In 
other respects it is provided with all the modern conveniences and ac- 
cessories of a great club house. 




MICiiK-.-.iNT l,v 




MINNESOTA BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh streeet entrance. Second building to your left. 

Dimensions 67x79 feet; style of architecture Italian renaissance. 
Framework of wood covered with staff. E,ntrance through a portico 
having rusticated 
dome columns 
and over the en- [•. 
tabl ature the 
name, "Minne- 
sota," on a raised 
panel. At the ex- 
tremities of the 
uncovered p 1 a t - 
forms at either ! 
side of the portico, 
are statues on 
square pedestals 
representing the 
original owners of 
the country and 
early settlers o f 

the State, the Indian on one side and the pioneer lumberman, with his 
axe and rifle, on the other. Shields, coats of arms, etc., after the or- 
namentation. The interior hall is 18 feet high. Cost about S25,000. 




MINNESOTA BUII^DING. 



156 



STAXK HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 



Fifty-seventh street entrance. 



nONTANA BUILDING. 

First avenue to left. 



It is constructed for the purpose of a club house and State headquarters, 
but is well filled with curious and costly specimens of the wonderful min- 
ing- industries of the state. The visitor, however, to see the Montana ex- 
hibit in its glory, must not fail to witness the display made in the Mines 
and Mining- building, where a solid life-sized statue of a beautiful woman 
in silver is exhibited among other curios and costly things. Over thirty- 
five tons of minerals are exhibited. 

NEBRASKA BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First building to your left. 

Dimensions, 60 x 100 feet ; two stories high ; style of architecture 
classical, of the 
Corinthian order ; 
cost $15,000. One 
of its features is 
a magnificent 
double staircase 
nine feet wide, 
which leads from 
the exhibit room 
to the second floor. 
The building is 
designed as the 
general headquar- 
ters for Nebraska 
people and their 
friends, while 
at the same time 

it contains interesting exhibits from the State not classified in the general 
buildings. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Lake shore, second building to your left. 

This is also of the colonial style, presenting a beautiful exterior, and 
is finished in the highest style, with all the modern conveniences and ac- 
cessories of a club house. 




NEW JERSEY BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Third building to your left. 

Thi is a reproduction of Washington's headquarters at Morristown ; 
Dimensions 40 x 60 feet, two stories high, with a 16 x 20 foot wing. Cost, 
$15,000. The building is colonial in style, rather plain, but is filled with 
relics of revolutionary days, and with exhibits of New Jersey products 
and industries. It is ornamented in the interior with beautiful photo- 
graphic views of New Jersey's celebrated seaside resorts. 



STATE HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 



157 



NEW YORK BUILDINQ. 

Fifty-seventh, street entrance. Fifth, building to your left. 

A representation, slightly modified, of the old Van Rensselaer resi- 
dence, which for so long a time was one of the most familiar land marks 
of New York City. The reproduction of the architecture of this old build- 
ing brings back one of the most interesting periods of our national his- 
tory, when the now great commercial and financial metropolis of the 
United States was only a struggling ambitious seaport. This building 
has innumerable attractions for visitors. Its dimensions are 90 feet wide 
by 200 feet long, and three stories high. Inclusive of donated material 
and decoration, the structure represents an expenditure of more than 
$150,000. One of its features are three columns of specimens of native 
wood supporting the roof. These columns were gathered in the Adiron- 
dack mountains 

Iiiach pillar con- ' 1 

sists of the trunks 
of 3 trees twistted 
into a symmetrical 
spiral column. 
One column is 
composed of a 12- ' 
in. balsam, one 20- 
i n . black spruce 
and one 12-in. tam- 
arack. Another is ! 
composed of a 12- i 
in. red birch, a 20- 
inch white birch t 
and a 12-in. black 
birch, and the 

third is made of a 12-inch black cherry, a 20-inch sugar maple 
and a 12-inch yellow birch. Statues of Christopher Columbus, Henry 
Hudson and busts of George Clinton, the first governor, and Roswell P. 
Flower, the present governor of the State of New York, occupy niches 
in front of the building. Among the curiosities is an ancient picture of 
Hendrick Hudson. The building is well supplied with historical relics. 
Among them are "Washington relics, autographs of all the presidents, 
autographs of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and famous 
men of the Revolutionary "War; portraits of famous citizens of New 
York, including those of all the governors ; model of Fulton's steamboat 
and many other relics dating back to revolutionary times. The New 
York building is ruagnificently decorated ; specimens of the highest art 
in painting and sculpture are to be found on all sides, while every con- 
venience is at hand for those who visit it as a place of rest. 




NEW YORK BUIIvDING. 



NORTH DAKOTA BUILDtNG. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

Dimensions 70x50 feet. A space 46x21 feet in front of the main 



158 



STATK HF^ADOUARTKRS, EJTC. 



assembly hall is used as a court yard. From this yard, the main assem.- 
bly room, is entered through a larg-e stone arch, above which, on the ex- 
terior, is an elaborately carved panel containing- the coat of arms of 
North Dakota. The structure is two stories high. It contains all the 
conveniences of a club house and many interesting exhibits. 



OHIO BUILDING. 

rifty-ninth street entrance. Take avenue to left by west shore of north pond. 

This structure is distinctive in its style of architecture, and much un- 
like the other state buildings. It is truly creditable to the great State H 
represents. Cost about $35,000 ; contains reception rooms, offices for the 
Ohio commissioners and the general conveniences of a great club house. 
It is not as large and cumbrous in appearance as many of its neighbors, 
nor as gaudy and ostentatious as some of them. There is a simplicity in 

the pleasing colo- 
nial marble, set off 
in its monotony by 
the broad semi-cir- 
cular portico cop- 
ied from the State 
Capitol at Colum- 
bus, that renders 
the building very 
attractive. It is 
really a building 
of the southern 
type, the Virgin- 
ian, for instance. 
It has a great 
double doorway 
leading to a large 

hall. As you enter your attention is attracted by a beautiful stained 
glass window bearing the arms of the State on a noble background. 
Under the window is a highly ornamented mantlepiece, and a cheerful 
fireplace. The high arched ceiling is beautifully decorated. Surrounding 
the central hallway are gentlemen's and ladies' parlors, smoking rooms, 
commissioners' rooms, etc. As a whole it is one of the most beautiful of 
the State structures. 




OHIO BUil,i-i- 



PENNSYLVANIA BUILIDNG. 
Fifty-seventh street entrance. Fourth building to your left. 

This is a reproduction of Independence Hall, the structure in which 
the Declaration of American Independence was signed, and in which were 
assembled the first Congresses of the United States. Before entering the 
building the grounds surrounding it will attract special attention. The 
landscape gardening was placed in charge of William Hamilton, Super- 
intendent of the Parks of Alleghany. He has succeeded in making a 
beautiful exhibit of the foliage and flora of the State. The frame of the 



STATE HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 



159 



building has cast iron based, plates, channel and plate columns. If per- 
mitted it mig-ht stand for a century. The lower part of the building is of 
Philadelphia pressed brick, while the top is made of wood, iron and 
plaster. An orange tint is given to the entire structure, and other bright 
colors to break the monotony. In the interior are elegant reception 
rooms for ladies and gentlemen, smoking, toilet and cloak rooms, ladies' 
parlors, press correspondents' rooms, etc. The entire height of the build- 
ing is 165 feet ; cost of building together with transportation of displays 
contained inside, 
about $300,000. 
The building is 
filled with histor- 
ical relics. Among 
those which the 
visitor will not fail 
to see is the old 
I^iberty Bell, 
which hangs i n 
the main floor; the 
chair in which 
Thomas Jefferson 
wrote the Declara- 
tion of Indepen- 
dence ; the table 
on which the Dec- 
laration was signed ; 
sword ; a sofa belonsfir 
ington 



m 



it 



_]^ Jife^;^ 



PENNSIXVA 



the inkstand then used; Thomas Jefferson's 
■ to Washington ; French bowl used by Wash- 
the baby clothes of John Quincy Adams ; the yoke of the old 
lyiberty Bell; Real's portrait of 
Washington, being- the first ever 
printed ; the first lightning rod in- 
vented by Benjamin Franklin ; the 
electrical machine invented by 
Franklin ; the original model of 
John Fitch's steamboat; fans used 
by Franklin at the court of France ; 
Franklin's standing clock ; Thomas 
Jefferson's thermometer ; a lock of 
Jefferson's hair; a brewing jar 
used by William Penn ; the sur- 
veying instrument and chain used 
by Penn in laying out the City of 
Philadelphia ; the lock and key used 

by Penn on his house, and Pocahontas' necklace. Many other State and 

personal relics of a similar nature may be found here. 




LIBERTY BELL. 



RHODE ISLAND BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Third avenue to your left. 

It is a two-story structure, modeled after the Doric style of archi- 



160 



STATK HBADOUARfERS, ETC. 






lecture with towering- pillars resting on porches at either end. The en- 
trance at the front is through three circular arches into a circular porch 
twenty feet in diameter, which opens into the main hall, 20 x 42 feet. This 
building has numerous reception rooms, ladies' rooms, smoking rooms, 
etc., and is used as a State headquarters and club house. Its cost is $10,- 
000. In exterior it is one of the most attractive of the New lingland 
group, and is to some extent a reproduction of the Old Stone Mill at New- 
port. At the close of the Exposition this beautiful little structure will be 
presented by the State of Rhode Island to the City of Chicago. 

SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING. 

Fifty - seventh street 

entrance. First 

building to your 
right. 

Built in the style 
of an old French 
farm-house ; walls 
of brick ; dimen- 
sions 60x72 feet; 
assembly hall on 
first floor, with 
towering mantels 
and fireplaces 
at either end. 
Cost of building 
and furnishings 
about $155,000. A 
club house for the entertainment of South Dakotans and visiting friends. 

TERRITORIAL BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Second avenue to left. 

Erected for the joint use of New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma. 

,.^,^^^. , The site given to 




SOUTH DAKOTA BUIl^DING. 



i:^ 




lERRlTORIAI, BUILDING. 



the Territorial 
building occupies 
a space of 120 feet 
square. Of this 
the first 20 feet is 
devoted to a fine 
lawn. Sixty feet 
back is a terrace, 
uipon which stands 
the building, a 
three story struc- 
ture of stafF, sur- 
mounted by a roof 
j^arden. The 
grounds are pro- 
fusely decorated 



STATS HJ3ADOUARTERS, ElTC. 



161 



with cacti and other plants from Arizona. The roof g-arden contains 
specimens of all the flora of New Mexico and Arizona. The building 
contains reception rooms, office, dining rooms and other apartments for 
the comfort and entertainment of those who visit the Fair from the three 
territories. It does not contain any of the territorial exhibits, space for 
those having been reserved in the general department buildings of the 
lixposition. Inside, however, are displayed some of the rarest objects of 
interest of the localities represented, among them being a magnificent 
archseological exhibit and rare paintings, a few of which are known to 
be over 600 years old. New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma contribute 
very largely to the exhibits in the Mines and Mining and the Agricultural 
buildings. 

TEXAS BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

Adjoining the Kansas site and at the extreme northwestern corner of 
the Elxposition grounds. The site skirts 56th street, the northern bounda 
ry of the buildings. Dimensions 85x250 feet ; main height 70 feet ; con- 
structed entirely after the style of the old Spanish missions, and is intend- 
ed to represent the historical Alamo. It is a good example of Spanish 
renaissance architecture. The front part of the building forms a square 
85 feet wide, enclosing a large assembly hall. The general grouping of 
the building shows that it is flanked on each corner by a square tower, 
the intervening curtains consisting of two stories of open arcaded loggias. 
IJxtending from the main building toward the east is a wing 150 feet 
long. Texas subscribed $300,000 towards its building and exhibit. The 
building is one of the most attractive in the State group. The ground 
surrounding as well as the interior contains exhibits of the products of 
the wonderful State. 

UTAH BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. First avenue to left. 

The Utah building is two stories in height, 48x84 feet in surface ex- 
tent, and 60 feet to 
its highest point. 
Ionic columns and 
pilasters form the 
main supports and 
guard the doors 
and windows. The 
central interior 
has a circular well 
extending from 
the ground floor to 
the dome skylight. 
Around this space 
are arranged the 
ladies' and gentle- 
men's reception 
and Commission- 




UXAH BUII<DING. 



162 



STATE HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 



ers' rooms. The exhibits are arranged around the wall space on 
the two floors. These are representative of the industries of the 
State, and include agricultural, manufactured and mined products. 
Of the latter, gold, silver and sulphur are the principal ones. 
With them are shown plans illustrating the methods of reducing sulphur 
and the handling of borax and rock salt found in some parts of the Terri- 
tory as clear as crystal. Standing just before the main entrance is a fac- 
simile of the famous "Bagle Gate," which in Salt I^ake City stands be- 
fore the Mormon Temple. The gilded eagle, with outstretched wings, 
symbolizing hospitable protection to all who may seek it, rests on four 
flaring supports, which slope from the center to the sustaining columns. 
Apart from its association with polygamy, it is simple, tasteful and pleas- 
ing in appearance. A miniature of the great Salt Ivake is shown in front 
of the building also. The cost of the territorial exhibit was $60,000. 



VERHONT BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Seventh bailding to your left. 

This structure faces the southeastern annex of the Art Gallery. It 
is one of the most original on the grounds. On the right and left of the 
steps on the facade rise two shafts, on which are allegorical figures, rep- 
resenting the industries of agriculture and quarrying — the two principal 
industrial activi- 
ties of the State. 
The visitor enters 
through a col- 
umned portico into 
a court yard, on 
the right and left 
of which are cov- 
ered porches with 
broad seats. Just 
off these are the 
reception rooms in 
frontand the Com- 
mittee Room. Post 
Office, etc., in the 
rear. In the 
center of the 

court is a handsome marble fountain Marble from Vermont is used 
throughout the entire interior. Facing the end of the court is a porch, 
supported by four caryatids, over which is a semi-circular Greek window 
with bas-relief around it, representing " Freedom and Unity." The coat 
of arms is in the center. The style of architecture is Pompeiian. In this 
building may be found much that will interest the visitor, as an effort has 
been made to collect the historical relics, portraits, old paintings, etc., of 
the State. 

VIRGINIA BUILDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Third avenue to your left. 

One of the oldest and proudest States of the American Union very 




VhKMOKT 1>UILDING. 



STATK HEADQUARTERS, ETC. 



163 




appropriately fashioned, its building after the home of Washington at 
Mount Vernon. Cost $15,000. The fact that it is modeled after the 
Washington residence makes it in appearance rather disproportioned to 
the surrounding edifices, because the Washington residence was not a 

large one, by any 
means, nor a par- 
ticularly a 1 1 r a c - 
five one. Hun- 
dreds of thousands 
o f people have 
sailed, down the 
Potomac to visit 
this historic struc- 
ture. They will 
find it here in 
exact duplication. 
Naturally it is 
filled with relics 
of the old Colonial 
and Revolution- 
ary days. No State 
in the Union has more to offer in this line than Virginia, and her public 
officials and private citizens have been generous in their loans. Much of 
the furniture of the Mount Vernon residence is here, as well as relics of 
the Fairfax, the Ivee, and others of the old aristocratic families of the 
State. The Virginia building should be visited by all means, and will 
doubtless attract large crowds. Virginia hospitality will be dispensed 
here to all. 

WASHINGTON BUSLDING. 

Fifty-seventh street entrance. Take first avenue to right. 

This is a unique structure composed entirely of material brought 
from this great northwest Pacific State, and forms in itself an exhibit of 
the building mate- 
rials and indus- 
tries peculiar t o 
that young and 
vigorous common- 
wealth ; dimen- 
sions 220x140 
feet; exterior of 
timber from the 
Puget Sound re- 
gion. Lumber do- 
nated by the State 
L/Umbermen's As- 
sociation of Wash- 
ington; main en- 
trance one of the 
principal features 




WASHINGTON BUII^DING. 



164 



state; headquarters, etc. 



of the building; of granite, marbleand ore quarriedin the State. In addi- 
tion to private contributions the State expended $50,000 in constructing 
and elaborating the details of the building. The structure is surmounted 
by a flagstaff 175 feet high. There are four towers of unique design. 
The interior contains a vast number of curious, interesting and instruct- 
ive exhibits. All are welcome. 



WISCONSIN BUILDING. 

Fifty-ninth street entrance. Take first avenue to left. 

This is a handsome structure. It is commodious, and the interior is 
arranged with special reference to the products of this wealthy State, 
which in variety and character make the exhibit one of the most attract- 
, ive and interest- 
ing to be seen at 
the Fair. It is two 
stories high, with 
not less than 10,- 
000 feet of floor 
space exclusive of 
porches. The 
whole structure is 
built of Wisconsin 
material. The 
exterior walls are 
of stone, brick and 
terra cotta, and 
the roof of slate, 
tile or iron made 
in Wisconsin. 

The interior is ornamented and furnished with plate, beveled and 
mirror glass, Wisconsin pine and hardwood, and encaustic tile. The 
cost was $30,000. 




UlLDING. 



Midway Plaisance. 




IDWAY PIvAISANCB was formerly a strip of wooded 
land one mile in length and six hundred feet wide, 
connecting- Jackson with Washington park. It was 
a shady drive, and very popular. It is now covered 
from one end to the other with ii tractions which 
<tre not a part of the Exposition proper, although 
to the pleasure of visitors. These attractions are 



they add much 

referred to in the following pages. 



(166) 



MIDWAY pi^aisancb;. 



nJDWAY PLAISANCE. 



ALGERIAN EXHIBIT. 



Midway Plaisance. 

In imitation of villag-e shown at Paris in 1867, 1878 and 1889. The vil- 
iag-e is peopled with natives from Algeria. There is a bazaar where 
souvenirs are offered for sale. Oriental jewelry, rugs, cushions, table 
covers, Arabesqued tracings, perfumery, etc., are offered to visitors. 
There are representatives of the haughty odalisques and sultanas brought 




AI.GERIAN VII,I,AGE. 

from a Moorish harem. In a street of the village is a Bedouin camp with 
all its picturesque features. Here also may be found snake charmers, 
jagglers, dancing girls, an orchestra, etc. The dancers give perform- 
ances in a hall which seats 1,000 -oersons. Refreshing drinks are sold in 
the village. A small price of adm^ission is cliarged. 

BALOON ASCENSION. 
Midway Plaisance. 

Captive balloons ascend to the height of 1,500 feet^ enabling the oc* 
cupants of the car to view the surrounding country. Cost of trip $2.00. 



BERNESE ALPS CYCLORAMA. 
Midway Plaisance. 

Presented in regular cycloramic form. The painting represents two 
years work by the artists Burnand, Furet and Baudboy, of Geneva. The 
spectator is supposed to be on the Maenulichen and looking out over 
towering peaks and nestling valleys within a radius of thirty miles. 
Ranged around him. are the crests of the Jungfrau, Shriekhorn, Wetter- 
horn, Juna and Thun. The portrayal is very perfect. Away below the 
spectator, ii'estling at the base of the height, may be seen a viilage sur- 
rounded by pastures filled with flocks of sheep, dimly outlined agaissst the 



168 



MIDWAY pi^aisance;. 



g^rassy background. From the g-reat depths come the faint tinkling (y^ 
cow bells, and searching the prospect carefully the supposed tourist 
descries the herd being driven along the winding roadway by a milkmaid. 
The use of a phonograph makes the deception complete, as one's ears are 
greeted with the strains of a Swiss ballad seeming to proceed from the 
maid. The doorway of the panorama building is worthy of note, as it is 
typical of one phase of Swiss art. It was made in Geneva of native hard- 
wood, is wonderfully carved and very attractive. 

BLARNEY CASTLE. 

Midway Plaisauce, near Exposition ground. 

An exact reproduction of the celebrated ruin may be seen on the left 
hand side of the Plaisance, as the visitor moves westward. The famous 
kissing stone is shown. From the towers of Blarney Castle visitors may 
obtain a splendid view of the Fair grounds, and after ascending the wind- 




TH^ IRISH VII.I,AGE. — BI^ARNEY CASTI^E;. 

ing staircase, they will find a relief map of Ireland, showing its lakes, 
jiountains, rivers and towns. Genuine sods were imported and are dis- 
tributed to Irish visitors as mementoes of the old country. 



CHINESE VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

The building was designed by a Chicago architect, but represents ths 
architecture of the Chinese limpire. Chinamen clothed in the raiment of 
the better class in Pekin are in attendance. The exhibit includes a Joss 
house, Chinese theater and cafe. The Joss house is the largest of the kind 
outside the great wall of China, containing the wooden idols worshiped 
by the people. Entertainments in the theater are given by native bands 
of musicians, acrobats and regular theatrical performers. Articles of 
Chinese manufacture are on sale. Admission to Jossi house or to theater 
25 cents. 

DAHOMEY AHAZONS. 
Midway Plaisance, Dahomey village. 

The natives of Dahomey, male and female, give exhlbitioaSi consist 



MIDWAY PI^AISANCE 169 

ing- of war song's and dances, and showing- their methods of fig'hting, etc. 
Perched upon the gates are sentinels in full war regalia. The Amazons 
who fight the battles of King Behanzin, ars to be seen here. They are a 
savage looking lot of females^ masculine in appearance, and not particu- 
larly attractive. These women fought the French in recent battles. The 
men are small and rather effeminate in appearance. 

DUTCH SETTLEMENT. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Properly speaking a collection of South Sea Island villages, from the 
islands originally settled by the Dutch. The villages contain about 
eighty dwellings, and 300 natives from the Island of Java, Sumatra, 
Borneo, Johore, Samoa, Fiji, New Zealand, Tonga and the Sandwich 
g-roup. The settleruent occupies 200,000 square feet. The Javanese have 
the largest village in the settlement. (See Javanese village.) In this 
group there are a number of special attractions, such as a Sultan's orches- 
tra, native acrobats, dancing g"irls, etc. Here may also be found a 
Hawaiian theater. No price of admission is charg-ed, but an admission 
fee of ten cents is charged to the theater and to the different amusem.ents. 
Articles of native manufacture and curios from the South Sea Islands 
are offered for sale. 

EIFFEL TOWER MODEL. 

Midway Plaisance. 

About one-fifteenth the size of the original, but a perfect reproduc- 
tion, even to the rivets and bolts. It was reproduced with mathematical 
accuracy, not, however, until the men in charg-e had defended themselves 
in a judiciary attachment issued at the request of M. Kiffel himself, who 
assumed sole proprietorship of the lights of reproduction. In the famous 
suit that followed this attachment, nearly four years ago, the celebrated 
French engineer was defeated, although he was sustained by the French 
g-overnment in the person of the minister of commerce. The little tower, 
but twenty feet high, is composed of 650,000 separate pieces of iron and 
steel, rivets not included, and these pieces, placed end to end would form 
a line of steel four miles long. The ambitions and ingenious Frenchman 
who sent this model has reproduced every feature of the tower and its 
surroundings. Even the eight elevators work at a speed corresponding 
to those that ran in the original tower, and on the summit a miniature 
lighthouse moves just as the big one does at Paris. At regular intervals 
the tower bursts into a blaze of electric lights, hundreds of little lamps 
taking the places of the big ones used on the original at Paris. The sur- 
roundings of the tower are shown as perfectly as the main structure. 
The gardens that spread below it, their alleys, lawns, baskets of flowers, 
the two little lakes with swans gliding idly across the waters, the trees 
and patches of green, the terraces leading to the phalanxes, with their 
marble stairways with bronze and gilded railings, and even the bronaf 
statuary ha«ve been cast again with remarkable fidelity. 



170 



MIDWAY PI,AISANCE. 



FERRIS WHEEL. 

Midway Plaisance. 

A structure 250 feet in diameter, from which is suspended thirty-six 
passenger cars with a seating capacity of sixty persons each. This great 
wheel revolves around an axle 33 inches in diameter, 45 feet long and 
weighing 56 tons, said to be the largest ever forged, and costing $35,000. 
The entire structure is of steel, and resembles a huge bicycle revolving 
between two towers. The wheel practically consists of two wheels on the 
same axle, a distance of 28 j^ feet apart, and held together by bars of 
steel. Between these two wheels and suspended from trunnion pins are 
the 36 passenger cars. The axle is supported by means of two steel 




THE FERRIS WHEEI<. 



towers, 137 feet in height, five feet square at the top, and 40 x SO feet at 
the bottom. The total weight of the structure is 4,300 tons, 60 per cent of 
which will be in motion under control of machinery. The engines which 
■revolve this mighty structure consist of two link-motion reversible ma- 
Ojjsjes. of 30-inch cylinder, 4-fQot stroke and 2,000 horse power each. 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 171 

They drive a double system of cogwheels, one on each side the wheels, 
which are respectively 12, 14 and 16 feet in diameter, and around which 
passes a system of ponderous chains, each link being two feet long and 
five inches wide. These chains connect with a rack on the main axle and 
impart motion to the entire wheel. The machinery is five feet below the 
surface of the ground and is surrounded by a railed walk, so that its 
operations can be viewed by visitors. The entire plant is duplicated. In 
groups on the rods around the crown of the wheel are arranged 3,000 in- 
candescent lights, with globes of various colors. These are alternately 
extinguished and relighted at night, as the wheel revolves, thus produc- 
ing a beautiful spectacle. The platforms are located on both sides of the 
lower part of the wheel, and six cars can be loaded and unloaded at once. 
The time required for one complete trip is twenty minutes, and this gives 
passengers two complete revolutions of the wheel. The cost of the entire 
structure was $400,000. The inventor is G. W. G. Ferris, an engineer and 
bridge builder of Pittsburg. The passengers passing over the extreme 
arc of the wheel on fine days may obtain a view not only covering the 
entire exposition and city of Chicago with suburbs, but of lyake Michi- 
gan for miles out, and of the States of Wisconsin, Michigan and Indiana, 
as well as far into the interior of Illinois. This wheel in effect takes the 
place of an Eiffel tower at the Exposition. 

FRENCH CIDER PRESS. 

Midway Plaisance. 

A Normandy cider press in an open pavilion. Native peasant girls 
in their costumes are in attendance who serve visitors with fresh cider 
from the press at a small charge per glass. 

GERHAN VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Conducted under the sanction of the Emperor. Principal features, 
the reproduction of an old German village, a county fair, two German 
restaurants, a German concert garden, a water tower and an Ethnologic- 
al museum. An area of 175,000 square feet is occupied. The enterprise 
was encouraged financially and otherwise by some of the most famous 
and most prominent men of Germ.any. The village is conducted under 
the name of the German Ethnographic Exhibition. In the center of a 
plat 775 feet long, there rises a castle built in the style of the 16th cen- 
tury," surrounded by a moat 16 feet wide, behind which for further protec- 
tion palisades are constructed. Over a drawbridge the road leads through 
a massive sandstone gateway into the interior of the building. In the 
halls, rooms and salons is the most famous collection of weapons ever 
gathered in Germany. These are owned by Richard 2ischike, member of 
the City Council, Grossennein, Saxony. There are sixty iron dummies in 
full military equipment giving a complete and true picture of the weapons 
and armor of Germany. On the walls of the castle are numerous single 
pieces — swords, lances, helmets, coats of mail, bugles, cross-bows, har- 
ness, birds, etc. In the principal hall there is a fine exhibit of German 
irt. On a little stage may seen Germania, surrounded by Arminius 



172 



MIDWAY PI^AISANCE. 



Charlemag-ne, Otto, Barbarossa, Maximilian and "William I. All districts 
of Germany are represented, each by a male and female peasant in their 
respective holiday g-arments. - They assemble for a parade and to offer to 
the heroes their homage. The chapel of the castle contains a prehistoric 
collection. At the right and left of the gateway are the Roman and 
Franconian warriors of the Roman-Germanic central museum at Mainz, 
which also is represented by Roman, Celtic and Alemannic trophies, and 
by a novel collection of reproductions from the period of the g-reat migra- 
tion of nations. There are also models of different prehistoric tombs, 
castle walls, etc., excellently prepared by the Conservator of the Royal 
Museum of Ethnology, I^duard Krause ; reproductions of prehistoric 
ornaments and implements in precious metals, by Mr. Telge, a famous 
goldsmith ; implements in bronze by Mr. Fritz, the inventor of platina, 
and a superb collection of originals. Leaving- the castle and turning to 
the right, visitors enter an ideal German village. The most prominent 
figure of the scene is the Town Hall, built after the Hessian style of arch- 
itecture. Several farm houses represent the different provinces of old 
Germany. The Town Hall is used as a museum, and contains^a number 
of farm house rooms completely furnished,, also an ancient saloon with a 
bar of the style of 1570, original in all its details, and especially promi- 
nent by its rich wood carving- ornaments on the ceiling. Fxcellent collec- 
tion of ornaments, wood carvings, embroideries and other features of 
rural home industry. A striking effect is attained by wax figures fur- 
nished by Messrs. Castan, the directors of the famous Panopticon at 
Berlin. In the village is imitated a county fair under the protection of 
Roland, a colossal figure in stone. The figure stands directly in front of 




HAGKNBECK PAVII,ION. 

the Town Hall, a symbol of free commercial intercourse and supreme 
criminal jurisdiction and the palladium of civic liberty. The market 
place is extended into the area left of the castle. This part is reserved 
for musical entertainments and restaurant purposes. Here are two large 
restaurants capable of accommodating- 8,000 people, who will be enter- 
tained by German music. Two of the leading military bands of Germany, 
forty-six people from the Garde Regiment, and twenty-six from the Garde 
de Corps, perform here. No admission fee is charged. 



MIDWAY PLAISANCB. 173 



MAGENBECK HENAQERIE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

A reproduction of the Hag-enbeck permanent menag-erie of Berlin. 
The building occupied cost $106,000. In addition to the menag-erie a cir- 
cus modeled on the plan of the Coliseum of Rome is included, which seats 
6,000 persons in comfortable chairs and accommodates in all 40,000 specta- 
tors. The animals are those usually found in menag-eries, but in this in- 
stance they are nearly all trained. Bears walk a tig-ht rope, lions are 
driven in triumphal chariots, tigers are harnessed in vehicles, and even 
the hippotamus is made to perform. Miss I^iebemich, the famous animal 
trainer, is one of the great attractions. One of the most wonderful things 
in the collection is a dwarf elephant. Performances are given hourly. 
Admission to menagerie 25 cents ; to performance SO cents, 75 cents and 
$1.00, according to location of seats. 

INTERNATIONAL DRESS EXHIBIT. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Fifty pretty young women selected from the different nationalities of 
the world, the greater numV>er of whom were engaged in Kurope, appear 
daily within a pavilion which is divided into booths for the accommodation 
of each. These booths are furnished in a style to represent the country 
from which the occupant comes. She is engaged in some work repre- 
sentative of her national industries. Out of the group quartets, choruses, 
dancers, etc., are selected, and these give performances during the day. 
The principal feature of the exhibit is the beauty of the young women. 
All were selected with an eye to the charms of their faces and forms. 
The costumes worn by the young women are beautiful and costly. 



IRISH VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisanctj. 

The gateway is modeled after the entrance to King Cormac's chap- 
pel, Rock of Cashel. Just beyond is a replica of the cloister from Muck- 
ross Abbey, exact in every detail of reproduction. Beyond this and to 
the right is the first of the cottages, devoted to a show of jewelry in char- 
acteristic design. The special designs are replicas of the Tara Brooch, 
the Fingal pin, initials from the Book of Kells, the old Celtic traceries — 
all made by Irish workmen in the village. In the sfecond cottage are na- 
tives of County Donegal, who make hand loom tweed and homespun 
cloth. The third cottage is a model home of an Irish peasant, occupied 
by the "finest looking old woman in Ireland," who knits goods and sells 
them to visitors. The fourth cottage is a dairy kitchen, supplied by Kerry 
cows from the herds of Mr. Harter, of Blarney, St. Annes, and I/ord 
Aberdeen. The fifth cottage is an old fashioned butter making dairy, 
while the sixth and seventh are occupied by cabinet makers, and carvers 
working on bog oak and arbutus. Other cottages are occupied by lace- 
makers and embroiderers, while a national museum occupies three of them 
with rare manuscripts, books and works of art. L<ady Aberdeen, the 



1/4 



MIDWAY PIvAISANCE;. 



patron of the villag-e, occupies one of the cottag-es during her visit to the 
Eixposition, and holds daily receptions for her friends. The girls em- 
ployed in the Irish village are in charge of I^ady Aberdeen, and under 
the direct supervision of Miss H. A. Charlton, the matron. Some of them 
are well connected, but most of them are from the factories about Dublin. 
Miss Keene, one of the party, sings Kathleen Mavourneen at the Fair. 
Miss Theresa Brazil sells goods in the store connected with the village. 




I.ADY ABERDEEN'S COTTAGE— IRISHVII,I,AGE. 

These girls, with Miss EUie Murphy, act as assistants to the matron. 
The other girls, with the counties they hail from, and the work they do, 
are as follows: Johanna Doherty, Tipperary, dairy m.aid ; Katie Barry, 
Cork, buttermaker ; Mary Cosgrove, Carlow, linen embroidery and Tor- 
chon lacemaker ; Fllen Doherty, Cork, dairy maid ; Bridget McGinley, 
Donegal, spinner; EHie Murphy, Limerick, lacemaker; Mariah Con- 
noUey, Ivimericli, dairy maid ; Ellen Ahe, Cork, point lacemaker ; Kate 
Kennedy, Monaghan, lace worker ; Maggie Denahy, Kerry, buttermaker ; 
Kate Carty, Dublin, lacemaker; Mary Cavanagh, Dublin, house maid; 
Bridget Heyd, Wicklow, cook. Connected witn the Village is a repro- 
duction of the famous " Blarney Castle." 

JAPANESE VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

This has no connection with the Japanese exhibits within the Bxposi- 
tior, nor is it endorsed by the Japanese commissioners. It is conducted 
mainly by professional exhibitors who have made displays at other inter- 
national fairs. The ' exhibits are reproductions of Japanese cottages 
which are filled with native manufactures and curios. The village is 
conducted as a bazaar where souvenirs are offered for sale. 



JAVANESE VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

The Javanesie village is composed of 20 bamboo buildings. The men 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



175 



and women from Java, 125 in number, are on view in pursuit of their 
home avocations, including the manufacture of weapons, garments and 
other articles. The women are said to have been selected by the Sultan 
from his corps de ballet. The furniture, working utensils, musical instru- 




THE EGYPTIAN VII.I,AGE. 

ments, etc., of the Javanese are interesting. Among the men are many 
accomplished jugglers, one of them said to be the most remarkale alive. 
Exhibitions are given hourly. A small price of admission is charged. 

KILAUEA VOLCANO PANORMA. 

Midway Plaisance. 

A realistic panorama or cyclorama of the celebrated volcano of Kil- 
auea of Hawaii. The panorama is housed in a very handsome pavilion. 
A great figure of a female, representative of the volcano, presides over 
the main entrance. The panorama itself is splendidly executed and is 
deserving of a visit. 

LIBBEY GLASS EXHIBIT. 

Midway Plaisance, 

A large and handsome building in which glass blowing is carried on. 
It contains great crucibles, ranged around.which are blowers and assist- 
ants. Everything is turned out in small glassware, such as flagons, bot- 
tles, vases, crystal figures, etc. These are sold to visitors as souvenirs. 
The most interesting portion of the exhibit is the process of spinning and 
weaving glass. 



nOORISH PALACE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

The building was designed by August Fiedler, a Chicago architect. 
It is a beautiful reproduction of Moorish architecture. The palm garden 
with its continuous labyrinth, copied from the famous Alham.bra at Gren- 
ada, is one of the leading attractions, but the splendid appointments, 
elaborate decorations, and fine groups in wax which picture the palace 
as it stood in the days of the Arabian owners recalls to the visitor vividly 
the pen pictures of Washington Irving. As the visitor steps into the 
palm garden he finds himself in what appears to be a boundless space. 



176 



MIDWAY PI.AISANCE. 



S'ar as the eye can reach the ingeniously arranged mirrrors create the 
illusion of endless rows of stately palms, casting their shades over hun- 
dreds of life-like figures in the gaudy costumes of the lords of the desert. 
Groups of men and women, talking, lounging or amusing themselves, 
each group multiplied again and again in the perspective of mirrors, are 
seen on every side. Tiring of this he finds his way out by the aid of a 
guide. The transition is into a fairyland filled with startling surprises. 
The first thing which impresses the observer within the palace are the 




(SB?, 



INTERIOR — MOORISH PALACE. 



elaborate decorations. He is in a maze of Alabaster-like columns, 
stretching away in long vistas. The columns are covered with curious 
hieroglyphics and support a dome and arched ceiling reflecting from its 
mother of pearl a softly radiant light. Standing on the tiled floor of 
mosiacs, the visitor may cast his eyes upward, and admire the delicate 
•filiflcree in erold, purple and silver, sweeping in flowing: lines here and 



MIDWAY Pr^AlSANCB. 



177 




THE DOME — MOORISH PAI,ACE. 

chieftain himself, for the moment 
at luxurious ease. For his amuse- 
ment an odalisque is tripping 
through a dance. The favorite 
wife, a beauty with pink cheeks, 
plump arm.s and long dark tresses 
has fallen asleep, with her head 
resting on her lord's knee. The 
figures are in wax, of course, but 
are very realistic. In an upper hall 
is contained the Panopticon, a col 
lection of artistic and historical 
figures, depicting scenes from his- 
tory and life of the present day. 

NORTH POLE SKATING RINK. 

Midway Plaisance. 

The ice pond is 80 x 150 feet. The 
building covers ground 250 x ISO feet 
and cost $75,000. The contract for 
the ice machine was let to the De 



there gracefully crossing and 
forming an intricate net-work of 
beautiful curves. From the arch 
depend pretty little stalactites, 
in gilt, producing a very pleas- 
ant effect on the pearly back 
ground. Stepping on through 
the mystic passages, the visitor 
suddenly catches a glimpse of 
landscape through what appears 
to be an oval window. It is really 
the effect of the omnipresent 
mirror and the charming stretch 
of beach and deceptive foam- 
capped waves is but the reflec- 
tion from a concealed painting. 
Turning about, another window 
on the other side of the palace 
exposes to view a ravine-cleft 
mountain, with leaping cas- 
cades. Another step, and the 
holy of holies appears — a real- 
istic group in the innermost re- 
cesses of the Harem, a sheik sur- 
rounded by his favorites. The 
central figure is the brawny 




AN ARCH — MOORISH PAI,ACE. 



178 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



Iva Verg-ne Refrigerating Company, of New York. The machinery cost 
$60,000. It requires two engines of fifty horse power apiece, which run 
two double-acting Fixary ice machines. These machines are pumps de- 
signed to convert ammonical gas into liquid ammonia. To this effect 
they in the first place force the gas into large condensers. Here it is 
cooled by a circulation of water derived from the city mains and becomes 
liquified in small cylinders. Thence the ammonia is let into large reser- 
voirs or refrigerators, and expands therein with the production of cold. 
Having returned to the gaseous state, it is taken up again by the ma- 
chines, which force it anew into the condensers, and so on indefinitely. It 
is always the same supply of ammonia that is used. The lowering of the 




ICE SKATING RINK. 



temperature produced by the expansion is utilized for cooling an uncon- 
gealable liquid (solution of calcium chloride) which circulates in spirals in 
the center of the refrigerators. This liquid, by means of a pump, is 
forced into the pipes placed upon the floor of the rink. This floor consists 
of cement and cork, resting upon a perfectly tight metallic foundation, 
upon which is arranged a series of connecting pipes. To re- 
new the surface after the snow produced by the incisions of the skates 
has been removed, there is spread over the remaining ice, by means of a 
pump, a sheet of water that circulates during the entire period of its con- 
gelation, in order to give a perfectly even surface. In order to prevent 
the spirals from producing changes of level through the contractions due 
to the difference in temperature to which they are submitted, they are 
composed of pipes that enter each other with friction to a certain length. 
They thus form slides that allow of a certain play. Moreover, in order 
that the temperature shall be as uniform as possible, care is taken to fre- 
auently change the direction of the curve. In this way there is secured a 
unitorm mean temperature in the entire circulation. The plant is ar- 
ranged according to the De I^a Vergne Company's patented system. The 
company has entire supervision over the ice making plants and is respon- 
sible for its constant and successful operation. 



MIDWAY PIvAISANCK. 



179 



OLD VIENNA. 
Midway Plaisance. 

Showing the typical houses and streets of the oldest part of Vienna, 
where a stranger can readily imagine himself in a foreign country. The 




3TRE;ET in old VIENNA. 

scene is a very realistic one. Natives of Austria, peasants, etc., are in 
attendance. Bntertainments are given and souvenirs are sold. 

PERSIAN VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Representing native buildings, bazaars, cafes, etc., with many costly 
and rare exhibits and curios from the land of the Shah. A large number 
of natives, sent direct to Chicago from Teheran, are in attendance. Vari- 
ous articles are sold. No admission fees. 



ST. PETER'S IN MINIATURE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

This beautiful model was begun in the sixteenth century from the or- 
iginal drawings of Bramante, Sangallo, Michel Angelo, and other famous 
artists and architects. It is carved from, wood and covered with a sub- 
stance which brings out the color of the great fountain structure of the 
Roman church. The minutest details of the bas-reliefs on the facade — 
the stuccos, mosiacs, statues and inscriptions — are faithfully reproduced. 
The model is 30 x 45 feet, and IS feet in height, being one-sixteenth of the 
dimensions of St. Peter's. It occupies a building of Roman style express- 
ly designed for it by S, S. Beman, of Chicago. In the corners of the 
building stand four ancient models representing the Cathedral of Milan : 



180 MIDWAY pi^aisance;. 

the Piambino Palace, belonging to the family of Gregory XIII, St. 
Agnese Church, and the Pantheon of Agrippa. In addition there are 
displayed rare portraits of several of the Popes, vestments, Paoal arms. 




MODEL OF ST. PETER'S. 

and other articles of Vatican history. A correct reproduction in minia- 
ture of the famous statue of St. Peter is another feature. The attendants 
wear the uniform and accoutrements of the Vatican guard. 



TURKISH THEATER. 

Midway Plalsance. 

In the Turkish Village, sixty-five men, women and children form the 
theatrical company. These were gathered from Jerusalem, Bethlehem, 
Nazareth, Samaria, Damascus, BejTout, lyebanon, Aleppo, Constanti- 
nople, and Smyrna. Besides these there are many Gypsies and Bedouins. 
They produce comedy and tragedy and show oriental engagements, wed- 
dings, reception'^, dances, funerals, merry-makings, battles, and scenes 




TURKISH THEATER. 
from every phase of life. Two languages are used, the Arabic and 



MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 



18i 



Turkish. Every musical instrument of oriental type, ancient and modern, 
is utilized. The building is an oriental one. The exterior is finished in 
domes, arches, gates and windows in the style of the east. The interior 
scenery, mural decorations, etc., are fashioned after the most elegantly 
furnished houses in Damascus. Cost of the theater $10,000. 



STREET IN CAIRO. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Concession granted to George Panyolo, of Egypt. Open to visitors, 
free of cost, except upon occasions of a special street spectacle, as, for 
example, during the passing of the wedding procession, which forms one 
of the features of the display. The buildings of the streets are faithful 
reproductions of the structures found in the most picturesque quarters 




STREET IN CAIRO. 



jf the ancient city. In every other respect the street is actually trans- 
planted. Natives of all classes and trades in native dress were brought 
from. Cairo to live, to m.ove, and have their being just as at home. The 
street includes a museum, a mosque, — with people to pray in it, a theater. 



182 MIDWAY PI^AISANCE. 

private residences, hotels, shops — with native wares and Egyptian ven- 
ders — just as m Cairo. Souvenirs are sold to visitors. The E^gyptians 
have forty-seven snakes which are charmed for the entertainment of vis- 
itors by three of the women. The serpents vary in size from six inches 
to seven feet. They are vari-colored and of many species. One of the 
finest specimens is a big-hooded cobra. The head of the sixteen donkey 
men and donkeys in the exhibit is Achmet, well known to many travelers 
in Egypt as a guide in Cairo. There are seven camels, six of them trained 
to perform tricks as well as to carry burdens. 

TURKISH VILLAGE. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Here may be seen the habitations, mosques, kiosks and bazaars of 
the Ottomans, attended by true followers oi the Holy Prophet in their 
native dress. The customs and life of oriental Turkey, true in every de- 
tail are shown. No admission fee is charged to the village proper, but 
every conceivable variety of eastern souvenirs are offered for sale. Fifty 
cents is charged to enter the Turhish theater. (See Turkish Theater.) 
Behind the mosque is a hall for an exhibition of Turkish industries and a 
room containing a tent, once the property of the Shah of Persia, and a 
solid silver bedstead, both of fabulous value. In a row of thirteen houses 
all the manual trades of Turkey are shown by fifty workmen. 

VENICE=MURANO EXHIBIT. 

Midway Plaisance. 

The Venice-Murano Company, of Venice, Italy, was established in 
1866, and has been awarded highest prizes at all expositions since that 
time. Occupies a building of the Italian Gothic style, richly inlaid with 
glass mosiacs. It has a complete furnace for the purpose of producing 
all sorts of fancy blown glass besides a workshop for monumental decora- 
tive mosiac work. About thirty Venetian artists attend to the various 
processes of this most interesting industry, just as if they were in their own 
Island of Murano, where the industry of glass blowing has been going 
on since the 11th century. Here is blown fancy glass of every descrip- 
tion, vases, chandeliers, table-sets in every color and style, imitations of 
the old Phoenician, Assyrian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval renais- 
sance and modern glass. Its chronological display is composed of the 
very best product of the compan5^ There is exhibited in the building re- 
productions of the most famous glasses known, including cameo bowls, 
christian plates, oriental enameled glass, filigrees, etc. This is one of 
the most interesting exhibits in the Plaisance. An entrance fee of 25 
cents is charged, and the glassware manufactured in the presence of vis- 
itors IS sold. 

WISCONSIN CRANBERRY PATCH. 

Midway Plaisance. 

Occupies a space of SO x 35 feet. Under the auspices of the Wisconsin 
Cranberry Growers' Association. The crop, if a success, will be har- 
vested in September. 



DON'T 



Purchase World's Fair Guide Books 
unless they have the 
Official Endorsement of 

H. N. HIGINBOTHAM, Presidetd 

and the name of 

JOHN J. FLINN 

COnPILER ' 

The market is full of 5purious Guide 
Books. They are of no value and 
must be thrown away. They 
mislead and cause you annoy= ■ 

ance. All 

= Official Guide BooKS= 

are puolished by 
THE COLUMBIAN GUIDE CO. 

Aaminisxralion Building 
WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 

CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A. 



BUY ONLY 

The Official 
Guide "Books. 

OTHERS ARE INACCURATE AND MISLEADING. 
Sent Postpaid to Any Address. 

The Official Quide $0.25 

— "Hand Book Edition " — Iveatherette. 

The Official Quide 50 

— "Popular Edition" — Flexible Cloth. 

The Official Quide i.oo 

— Souvenir Edition — Gilt Top. 

The Official Quide ..... .25 

— German Edition — Paper. 

The Best Things To Be Seen 
at The World's Fair . . .50 

— Profusely Illustrated — How to See The 
Fair in a day, a week or a month. 

Quide to Midway Plaisance .10 

— Paper Cover. 

THESE BOOKS ARE 50LP IN THE GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS | 
BY UNIFORMED AGENTS. . . . THEY ARE 
THE ONLY GUIDE = BOOKS AUTHORIZED. 

Send all orders to 

THE COLUriBIAN QUIDE CO. 

Administration Building, World's Columbian Exposition. 

Chicago, 111., U.S.A. 



I 



MEMORANDUM FOR VISITORS. 



Arrived in Chicago • 1893. 

Stopped at. 

Visited the Exposition days, beginning - . 

Visited Midway Plaisance . 



THE BEST THINGS 1 saw during my visit, were: 
IN ADMINISTRATION BUILDING^ 



IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING. 



IN ETHNOLOGICAL SECTION. 



Convent of La Rabida. 



Cliff Dwellers' Exhibits 



_. Indian Camps. 



Indian School. 



Ruins 



of Yucatan Whaling Ship 

Progress __^_ 

Viking Ship 



Spanish Caravels, Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina. 



South Pond Generally. 



IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 



IN ELECTRICITY BUILDING, 



IN FISHERIES BUILDING. 



IN FORESTRY BUILDING, 



IN HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, 



IN MACHINERY HALL. 



IN MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, 



IN MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 



IN TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 



IN U. S. GOVERNMENT BUILDING 



IN WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



IN THE FOREIGN GROUP OF BUILDINGS. 



IN THE STATE GROUP OF BUILDINGS. 



IN THE SPECIAL BUILDINGS 



JN SCULPTURE, LANDSCAPE, ETC. 



ON MIDWAY PLAISANCE 










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